Nerve growth factor , stimulated

The cyanthin diterpenes show physiological activity ranging from cytotoxicity to nerve-growth factor stimulation. Andrew J. Phillips of the University of Colorado recently described (J. Am. Client. Soc. 2005,127,5334) a concise cnantioselective synthesis of cyanthiwigin U 3, based on the metathesis conversion of 1 to 2, using the second generation Grubbs catalyst. 

I. Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing Nerve Growth Factor Stimulators... 

Kessler, J.A. and Black, I.B. (1980a) Nerve growth factor stimulates the development of substance P in sensory ganglia. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 77 549-552. 

Descamps S., Toillon R.A., Adriaenssens E., Pawlowski V., Cool S.M., Nurcombe V., Le Bourhis X., Boilly B., Peyrat J.P., Hondermarck H., 2001, Nerve growth factor stimulates... 

Growth factors stimulate the growth of already determined tissues. Such factors, which are protein or polypeptide, have been isolated for neural cells and epidermis. The nerve growth factor stimulates especially the outgrowth of nerve fibers from ganglia. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely revealed. Recent experiments indicate that it may act on the assembly of the growth cone of embryonic nerve cells. 

Limpert AS, Karlo JC, Landreth GE. Nerve growth factor stimulates the concentration of TrkA within lipid rafts and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation through c-Cbl-associated protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 27(16) 5686- 698. 

Saez ET, Pehar M, Vargas MR, Barbeito L, Maccioni RB (2006) Production of nerve growth factor by beta-amyloid-stimulated astrocytes induces p75NTR-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 84 1098-1106 Sala C, Roussignol G, Meldolesi J, Fagni L (2005) Key role of the postsynaptic density scaffold proteins Shank and Homer in the functional architecture of Ca homeostasis at dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 25 4587 592 Santello M, Volterra A (2008) Synaptic modulation by astrocytes via Ca(2-l-)-dependent glutamate release. Neuroscience 158 253-9... 

The regulation of phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase is affected by stimuli that increase Ca2+ or cAMP concentrations in neurons, including nerve impulse conduction and certain neurotransmitters in well-defined regions of the nervous system, in the adrenal medulla and in cultured pheochromocytoma cells. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation is stimulated by nerve growth factor in certain cell types, possibly via the activation of ERKs. These changes in the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase have been shown to correlate with changes in the catalytic activity of the enzyme and in the rate of catecholamine biosynthesis. 

CREB is also phosphorylated on serine 133 by stimulation of growth factor signaling cascades [63]. This occurs via a complex pathway involving MAPK cascades (Fig. 23-9). Thus, as outlined earlier, nerve growth factor and related neurotrophins that act on receptor tyrosine kinases lead to the successive activation of Ras, Raf, MEK and ERK. Activated ERK then phosphorylates and activates a serine-threonine kinase, RSK, particular subtypes of which directly activate CREB via the phosphorylation of serine 133. 

Nerve growth factor RPMC human skin stimulation of secretion... 

Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) Colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSFR) Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) Glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor (RET)... 

Some other saponins have been reported to have a potentiation activity on the nerve growth factor [12], stimulate the pituitary-adrenocortical system [13], and saponins were recently shown to have favorable antitumorigenic effects [14, 15]. 

Many cytokines play a regulatory role in processes other that immunity and inflammation. Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulate growth, development and maintenance of various neural populations in the central and peripheral nervous system. Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells from erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. 

Fig. 11.2. Domain structure of cytokine receptors. Schematic representation of the domain structure of selected cytokine receptors. WS motif conserved WSXWS sequence (W tryptophan S serine X non-conserved amino add) IL interleukin EpoR receptor for erythropoietin GHR growth hormone receptor LIF-R leukemia inhibitory factor receptor G-CSFR granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor IFNR interferon receptor TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor NGFR nerve growth factor receptor Fas, CD40 transmembrane receptors of lymphocytes.

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