Near region

In addition, the non-bonded forces can be divided into several regions according to pair distances. The near region is normally more important than the distant region because the non-bonded forces decay with distance. Since most of the CPU time in a MD simulation is spent in the calculation of these non-bonded interactions, the separation in pair distance results in valuable speedups. Using a 3-fold distance split, the non-bonded forces are separated in 3 regions near, medium, and fax distance zones. Thus, the Liouville operator can be express as a sum of five terms... 

Two goats were immunized three times during the first 2 weeks with 1 mg of the antigen emulsified in 1 ml of Freund s complete adjuvant at several subcutaneous sites near regional lymph centers. Booster injections of 3 mg of antigen were administered at monthly intervals. The animals were bled 7 days after each boost. After several months of immunization, the titer and affinity of the antibody response was judged sufficient for use. 

Silver is a normal trace constituent of many organisms (Smith and Carson 1977). In terrestrial plants, silver concentrations are usually less than 1.0 mg/kg ash weight (equivalent to less than 0.1 mg/kg DW) and are higher in trees, shrubs, and other plants near regions of silver mining. Seeds, nuts, and fruits usually contain higher silver concentrations than other plant parts (USEPA 1980). Silver accumulations in marine algae (max. 14.1 mg/kg DW) are due mainly to adsorption rather than uptake bioconcentration factors of 13,000 to 66,000 are not uncommon (USPHS 1990 Ratte 1999). 

There seems to be no great difference in the free energy between acyclic triene and the cyclic diene. This is because of smaller strain in the six-membered ring as compared with the four-membered one. On the other hand in 6n electron system in electrocyclic process there is more efficient absorption in the near regions of u.v. spectrum. This is why under both thermal and photochemical conditions, the (1, 6) electrocyclic reactions are reversible. Side reactions are more frequent in reversible. Side reactions are more frequent in reversible transformations of trienes than in dienes. The dehydrogenation of cyclic dienes to aromatic compounds may also occur in the thermal process. On heating cyclohexadiene yields benzene and hydrogen. 

A detailed investigation of the flow, using PIV, with and without control is carried out. The instantaneous velocity field is obtained by the method described in section 18.2, with interrogation regions of 6 x 6 pixels corresponding to a physical dimension of 0.36 X0.36 mm. Typical mean and instantaneous velocity fields of the near region of a flame without suction at U =3.9 m/s and = 2.0 are shown in Figs. 18.6a and 18.66, respectively. 

Type lb supernovae appear in or near regions of star formation in spiral galaxies (Porter and Filippenko 1987). However, Huang (1987) has found that Type II supernovae, most of which probably have main sequence masses between 8 and 15 Mq, also occur in star-formation regions. Therefore this constraint is consistent with but does not require the hypothesis that Type lb have more massive progenitors than Type II. Type lb also could have somewhat less massive progenitors than Type II. In the white-dwarf model, the initial masses are not expected to be low. If the white dwarf accretes at 10 8 M0 yr-1 at low efficiency (a few percent) from the wind of a companion, and the white dwarf needs to accumulate a few tenths of a solar mass of helium before it explodes, then the companion must be able to lose several solar masses in its wind. It would need to be initially a star of at least intermediate mass (> 5 MG). 

A cassette-replacement approach was used to facilitate the introduction of amino acid mutations at various sites of the thrombin receptor. First, unique endonuclease restriction enzyme sites were generated at several positions within the thrombin receptor cDNA by mutating the nucleotide sequences. Second, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers encoding for the desired mutations was used to generate the cDNA cassette with the appropriate endonuclease restriction enzyme sites for replacement of the wild-type sequence. The locations for the introduction of the sites were chosen based on two requirements. They needed to be at or near regions of the cDNA sequence that codes for amino acids at junctions of transmembrane domains and extracellular loops. Also, introduction of the sites did not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. The site-directed mutagenesis method of Kunkel et al.28 was used to introduce the mutations required for generating the... 

There are several characteristics of the near region. First, if a counterion of valence Z is brought from a distance far away from the polyion to the near region, then Z univalent counterions are released into the bulk aqueous solution [43]. Thus, the near region is associated with the condensed layer. Second, the interaction potential between counterion-polyion is unscreened, attractive, and is proportional to 2Zo ln(r/2h) [43]. 

The repetition of microelectrode measurements on many different locations yields conductivity maps of the surface-near regions of inhomogeneous solids. Measure-... 

Primary pineal cell tumors are less differentiated than pineocytomas and more differentiated than pineoblasto-mas. They show mitotic activity and moderate crowding of their synaptophysin-positive cells. They may contain regions that resemble pineocytoma near regions like pineoblastoma. Their proliferation is regionally variable, with hot spots of proliferation higher than that of pineocytoma. 

We discuss some of the results, beginning with the number of condensed counterions in the case of the counterion-polyion pair. When a counterion is brought from infinity to a distance r in the far Debye-Hiickel-like region, the number of counterions condensed on the polyion remains at the same constant value as on the isolated polyion, 9 r) = 1 i When the counterion continues its approach and enters the near region, however, the number of condensed counterions per polyion charge is changed to a different constant value, 9(r) = 1 t (1 IP). Since P9 is the total number of... 

Boundaries between a reactive polymer system, e.g. an epoxy, and solid substrates modify the mechanical properties of the polymer in the interface-near region. The so created interphases are of unexpected width up to several hundred pm. The recently developed Brillouin microscopy grants nondestructive access to the local mechanical properties within these interphases. It turns out that these mechanical interphases depend strongly on the kind of polymer system, the substrate material and the preparation conditions. 

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