Navy Involvement

Non-Medical S T Finding Limited Navy Participation in the Joint CBD Program 

6Lederberg, Joshua. 1982. Memorandum for ADM James D. Watkins, USN, re Report of the Chemical Warfare Task Force of the CNO Executive Panel (U), Chemical Warfare Task Force, CNO Executive Panel, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C. (classified). 

Without a more in-depth assessment and analysis of the adequacy of the Joint CBD Program s products for meeting Navy needs, the committee cannot judge how serious an issue the relative lack of Navy participation in the program is. What is clear is that the Navy has no basis for judging how well the requirements and priorities of the Joint CBD Program address its needs—indeed, how well the Navy understands those naval-unique needs at all. 

The committee notes that the Marine Corps has been much more aggressive in its engagement of the Joint CBD Program and has put appropriate pressure, when needed, on the program to have critical operational needs addressed. However, the Marine Corps also lacks a strong analytical base through which requirements can be assessed. 

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Energy Partners, Inc. (West Palm Beach, Florida), acquired fuel ceU technology from TreadweU Corp. (Thomaston, Coimecticut), which suppHed electrochemical equipment to the U.S. Navy. Energy Partners, Inc. are involved in developing PEECs for propulsion appHcations in transportation and submersible vehicles. A 20-kW PEEC stack was designed for demonstration tests. 

The only disperse brown of commercial importance is Disperse Brown 1 (101), which in 1988 had sales in excess of 2.3 million (production 317 tons). A method stiU. in use to produce navy and black shades economically on acetate involves formation of the dye direcdy on the substrate (azoic dyeing). 

In 1939 Einstein wrote to Roosevelt to draw his attention to possible military use of atomic energy. His influence on these later developments was marginal, however. In 1943 he became consultant to the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance but was never involved in atomic bomb work. In 1944 a copy of his 1905 paper on special relativity, handwritten by him for this purpose, was auctioned for six million dollars as a contribution to the war effort. (It is now in the Library of Congress.)... 

Although sudden deaths due to circulatory failure have been reported among workers exposed chronically to nitrated esters such as nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate (Carmichael and Lieben 1963), no deaths attributable to cardiovascular effects were reported for U.S. Navy personnel involved in torpedo maintenance work (Horvath et al. 1981 Forman et al. 1987). The sudden deaths for workers in the explosives industry were attributed to a compensatory vasospasm that may produce coronary insufficiency upon withdrawal from nitrate ester exposure. 

NASA has designed and contracted a water testing, purification, and retest (certification) system that is a self-contained unit about the size of a small automobile. Human involvement is restricted to putting hose A into a puddle, polluted stream, saltwater bay, or almost any other liquid source, and to drinking pure water from liose B. The fully automated laboratory (and processing) system is intended for an eventual Mars base. It is currently used on navy ships and some desert warfare army units. 

General Safety Precautions. The preparation and handling of the items covered by this specification, and the subassemblies thereof, involve hazardous operations and therefore require explosives safety precautions. Use of this specification will not be construed as to relieve the contractor or manufacturer of responsibility for the safety of his operations. Listed below are certain minimum provisions which a contractor or manufacturer (who prepares the item covered) should observe in order to fulfill his responsibility for safety. At Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department, and other government plants, these provisions are mandatory. Such other warnings and precautions, pertinent to the operational effectiveness or safety during preparation of the specified items, are included in detailed technical requirements of the specification... 

I hope that this book will be of interest to everyone involved with HEMs irrespective of their background R D laboratories, universities and institutes, production agencies, quality assurance agencies, homeland security, forensic laboratories, chemical industries and armed forces (army, navy and air force). This book will also be of immense use to organizations dealing with the production of commercial explosives and allied chemicals. 

Under the title distillation by compression is mentioned in Army Ordn (Ref 5a) a method of prepn of fresh water from sea water developed by R.V. Kleinschmidt of the US Navy during WWII. The method involves distillation by means of mechanical energy instead of externally applied heat... 

GC/ECD has been used to measure tetryl in ocean floor sediment and fauna (Navy 1972). Preparation steps generally involved homogenization and extraction with benzene, filtering, clean-up with TLC, and concentration. The sensitivity for detecting tetryl in ocean floor fauna using this method was estimated to be in the ppt range. Precision and accuracy were not reported (Navy... 

Cf. the detailed account in E. Kogon et at., ibid., pp. 82f., which completely disregards the facts claimed by Rauff. His personnel file (copies in the author s possession) shows that his initial profession was marine officer". He left the navy in late 1937 for personal reasons and transferred to the RSHA. In May 1940, however, he returned to the navy and left it one year later as lieutenant commander. From autumn 1941 to May 1942 he was stationed in Prague, just as he claims. As of June 1942 he was on SD duty in north Africa, and later in Italy, at least until May 1944, when the Italian front collapsed. Thus, it is not clear how he could have been involved in design and construction of these vans, the purpose of which is still hidden to us. 

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