Natural killer cells leukemia

DiaZepin Nucleosides. Four naturally occurring dia2epin nucleosides, coformycin (58), 2 -deoxycoformycin (59), adechlorin or 2 -chloro-2 -deoxycoformycin (60), and adecypenol (61), have been isolated (1—4,174,175). The biosynthesis of (59) and (60) have been reported to proceed from adenosine and C-1 of D-ribose (30,176,177). They are strong inhibitors of adenosine deaminase and AMP deaminase (178). Compound (58) protects adenosine and formycin (12) from deamination by adenosine deaminase. Advanced hairy cell leukemia has shown rapid response to (59) with or without a-or P-interferon treatment (179—187). In addition, (59) affects interleukin-2 production, receptor expression on human T-ceUs, DNA repair synthesis, immunosuppression, natural killer cell activity, and cytokine production (188—194). 

Robertson, L.E., Denny, A.W., Huh, Y.O., Plunkett, W., Keating, M.J., and Nelson, J.A., Natural killer cell activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with fludarabine, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 37, 1996, 445-450. 

T/NK (natural killer) cell lymphomas are much less common in Western countries and much less understood than the B cell lymphomas. Thus, the discussion of these entities will be much briefer. In addition, a significant number of the T/NK lymphomas, such as enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma, blastic NK cell lymphoma, T cell granular lymphocytic leukemia, and adult T cell leukemia/ lymphoma, will not be discussed in this review. The reader is advised to consult the recent World Health Organization Classification of Tumours (J2). 

The lymphomas are neoplasms of B-, T- or natural killer cells, and characteristically present as tumorous enlargements of peripheral lymphoid or extranodal tissues. As with the leukemias, the lymphomas are subclassified into distinct clinicopathological entities based on lineage, cell of origin and/or putative normal counterpart, and degree of differen-... 

Likewise, no evidence for obvious synergy was found between tributyltin (50 nM) and 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentaCB (100 nM) or Aroclor 1016 (50 ppm) in inhibiting human natural killer cell in vitro lytic actions against leukemia cells (Whalen et al. 1998) or among methylmercury (0.1-2 pg/mL), a CDD/CDF mixture of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/ -dioxin, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,... 

CD56 (also known as neural cell adhesion molecule) is expressed on the cell surface of a number of different tissues including natural killer cells, glial and neurons. This antigen may be demonstrated on monocytic and myeloid leukemias, plasma cell dyscrasias, natural killer cell lesions, neural and astrocytic tumors as well as tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. Antigen density on hematopoietic tumors tends to be at a lower level than on non-hematopoietic lesions and the validation with flow cytometry determination for this antigen is recommended. 

These leukemias may express the cytotoxic granule-associated protein TIA-1, which is normally found in natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes regardless of their state of activation. The tumor cells are commonly EBV infected. 

Interferons Enhance activity of cytotoxic-T, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Inhibit proliferation of tumor cells and suppress graft-versus-host disease. Hairy-cell leukemia, genital warts, Kaposi s sarcoma in AIDS patients, chronic myeloc ic leukemia. Fever, headache, myalgias. 

Yamanaka Y, Tagasawa H, Takahashi N, Watanabe A, Guo YM, Iwamoto K, Yamaslta J, Saitoh H, Kameoka Y, Shimizu N, Ichinohasama R, Sawada K. Abenant overexpression of microRNAs activate Akt signaling via downregulation of tumor suppressors in natural killer-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Blood. 2009 114 3265-75. 

Marcelletti, J. E Multani, P. S. Lancet, J. E. Baer, M. R. Sikic, B. I. Leukemic blast and natural killer cell P-glycoprotein function and inhibition in a clinical trial of zosuquidar infusion in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Res. 2009,33,769-774. 

Recently it was demonstrated that transfection of tumor cells with an antitumor peptide induced a protective immune reponse. Inoculation of mice with murine BD-2-transfected leukemia cells enhanced cytotoxic T lymphoc)des (CTL) and natural killer (NK) anti-tumor activity, with augmented IL-12 and IFN-y production. Animals vaccinated with transfected cells were protected against a challenge with parental cells (50% protection) and the vaccination generated leukemia-specific memory CTL [210]. 

The T-cell antigen receptor binds to the CDS protein complex at the cell membrane. A commercially available anti-CD3 antibody is polyclonal and reacts with most T-cell lymphomas in fixed tissue, the exceptions being some anaplastic large cell lymphomas and natural killer leukemia/lymphomas. CDS is specific for T-cell derivation. 

On some human cancers, e.g., natural killer-like and T-cell malignant lymphomas, acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, and some head and neck tumors, polySia expression may enhance neuroinvasive potential and metastases... 

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