Viscosity naphtha

In a single stage, without liquid recycle, the conversion can be optimized between 60 and 90%. The very paraffinic residue is used to make lubricant oil bases of high viscosity index in the range of 150 N to 350 N the residue can also be used as feedstock to steam cracking plants providing ethylene and propylene yields equal to those from paraffinic naphthas, or as additional feedstock to catalytic cracking units. 

Properties. The properties of the Hquid fuel oil produced by the SRC-II process are iafluenced by the particular processiag coafiguratioa. However, ia geaeral, it is an oil boiling between 177 and 487°C, having a specific gravity of 0.99—1.00, and a viscosity at 38°C of 40 SUs (123). Pipeline gas, propane and butane (LPG), and naphtha are also recovered from an SRC-II complex. 

Density Difference Between Particle and Liquid. Separation cannot take place if A6 = 0. Some mineral oils have the same density as water at room temperature. If it is heated to 80°C, the reduction of the density of water is less than that of the mineral oil, resulting ia the water becoming heavier. Therefore separation is possible. Dilution of a Hquid by a solvent, eg, molasses by water or heavy oil by naphtha, results ia lower density and lower viscosity of the Hquid. Solvent stripping takes place at a later stage. 

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

When simple Hquids like naphtha are cracked, it may be possible to determine the feed components by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (gc/ms) (30). However, when gas oil is cracked, complete analysis of the feed may not be possible. Therefore, some simple definitions are used to characterize the feed. When available, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PONA) content serves as a key property. When PONA is not available, the Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI) is used. Other properties like specific gravity, ASTM distillation, viscosity, refractive index. Conradson Carbon, and Bromine Number are also used to characterize the feed. In recent years even nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been... 

A broad range of solvents can be used in solvent-borne BR and PIB adhesives. Hydrocarbon (hexane, heptane, naphtha) and chlorinated solvents (perchloroethy-lene) can be used they provide higher viscosities. The presence of small amounts of stabilizer may cause cloudy solutions and settling is rarely produced. There is a logarithmic relationship between viscosity and solids content. In fact, a small... 

Rerunning is a second distillation step applied to distillate stocks in order to remove undesirable higher boiling materials from the product. These materials may be present because of poor fractionation in the primary distillation step more frequently they are heavy polymers formed in treating operations. Rerunning may be combined with solvent removal, as in the case of heavy lube distillates which are diluted with naphtha to lower their viscosity before being chemically treated. 

This article is an overview of the novel technology of self-reinforced LCPs with polyesters, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphtha-late) (PEN) [10-13, 21, 23], LCP/polyester blends in a polyester matrix form in situ fibrils which improve the mechanical properties. LCPs have an inherently low melt viscosity, and provide LCP/polyester blends that effectively lower the melt viscosity during melt spinning [24], and fast injection-molding cycles. The miscibility between the LCP and polyesters can be controlled by the degree of transesterification [25] in the reactive extrusion step, and fibril formation in LCP-reinforced polyester fibers has been studied. 

Low fuel viscosity can be due to the presence of low-boiling-point, low-molecular-weight compounds in the fuel. Contamination with low-boiling-point compounds such as solvents, gasoline, and petroleum naphtha can dramatically reduce the viscosity of distillate fuel and residual fuel oil. 

The problem received concentrated attention. One method (87) introduced used naphtha as a diluent, with an inert material, such as diatomaceous earth, to build up the wax crystal structure artificially, so that relatively good filtration rates were obtained and a wash could be applied to the wax cake on the filter to displace the retained oil.. This method was identified as the Weir process or filter-aid dewaxing process and was placed in commercial operation about 1928 (30). It was the first commercial process capable of successfully dewaxing the intermediate distillates, as well as paraffin distillates of lowest viscosity and residual stocks of highest viscosity. 

Early investigations dealing with solvents showed that alcohols, alcohol-ether mixtures, ketones, and petroleum naphthas were effective to some extent in removing asphaltic materials from petroleum fractions. The alcohols appeared to be the most promising, but at the relatively low temperatures required (about 35° F.) the viscosity of the alcohol-... 

From this display it can be seen that a 0.1 /lb increase in naphtha price from 1.0 to 1.1 / lb would raise the ethylene production cost from 2.5 to 2.8 /lb. If such a movement did occur, heavy gas oil at current 0.75 /lb levels (based on equivalent heavy fuel oil adjusted for viscosity considerations and vacuum distillation costs) would become competitive with naphtha. 

THINNER. A hydrocarbon (naphtha) or oleoresinous solvent (turpentine) used to reduce the viscosity of paints to appropriate working consistency usually just before application. In this sense, a thinner is a liquid diluent, except that it has active solvent power on the dissolved resin. 

In Table X the properties of the syncrude prepared from in situ crude shale oil are compared with the properties of a syncrude listed by the NPC. Relative amounts and properties of the naphthas, light oils, and heavy oils are also compared. These data show that the nitrogen content, sulfur content, pour point, viscosity, and API gravity of syncrude prepared from in situ crude shale oil are lower than those suggested in... 

Cold settling processing for the removal of wax from high-viscosity stocks, wherein a naphtha solution of the waxy oil is chilled and the wax crystallizes out of the solution. 

This is 2500 times faster than with gravity alone, but the residence time in the centrifuge would have to be about 20 minutes, which is not practical. To speed up the separation, naphtha is added to the level of 25%. This lowers the viscosity to about 4.5 mPa-s and lowers the density of the continuous phase to 0.88 g/mL. Note that now the water drops would sediment rather than cream under gravitational force, and while the emulsion density is much reduced, the absolute value of the density difference changes very little Ap = -0.07 g/mL originally, and becomes Ap = +0.09 g/mL The overall effect is to lower the viscosity by about two orders of magnitude. The droplet velocity now becomes (dx/dt)" = 1.1 cm/s, which yields a satisfactory residence time of about 8 seconds. 

Turpentine, the older, more conventional solvent for paints, has now been almost completely replaced with the discovery that the cheaper and more abundant petroleum naphthas are equally satisfactory. The differences in application are slight naphthas cause a slightly greater decrease in viscosity when added to some paints than does turpentine, and depending on the boiling range, they may show some differences in evaporation rates. 

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