Nanoscale matrices

An elaboration of this technique, incorporating the concept of template-guided synthesis, is the use of nanoporous matrices such as zeolites and polycarbonates as a template within whole pores to perform the chemical polymerization of aniline monomers. For example, Wu and Bein254 have prepared nanofilaments of conducting PAn in the 3-nm-wide channels (pores) of the aluminosilicate host, MCM-41, through initial adsorption of aniline vapor into the dehydrated host followed by oxidation with (NH)2S208. 

Percin, S. Alsancak, G.O. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2003, 89 1652. 

MacDiarmid, A.G. Chiang, J.C. Richter, A.F. Somarisi, N.L.D. In Conducting Polymers, Special Applications. L. Alcacer (ed). Reidel, Dordrecht, 1987, 105. 

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Deposition on fibers or fabrics Vapor phase deposition Deposition in nanoscale matrices Photochemically initiated polymerization Enzyme-catalyzed polymerization Polymerization using electron acceptors Miscellaneous polymerization methods Routes to more processible polyanilines Emulsion polymerization Colloidal polyaniline dispersions Substituted polyanilines... 

Romano NH, Sengupta D, Chung C et al (2010) Protein-engineered biomaterials nanoscale mimics of the extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta 1810 339-349... 

Further modification of the above nanostructures is useful for obtaining new functional materials. Thirdly, we apply the dopant-induced laser ablation technique to site-selectively doped thin diblock copolymer films with spheres (sea-island), cylinders (hole-network), and wormlike structures on the nanoscale [19, 20]. When the dye-doped component parts are ablated away by laser light, the films are modified selectively. Concerning the laser ablation of diblock copolymer films, Lengl et al. carried out the excimer laser ablation of diblock copolymer monolayer films, forming spherical micelles loaded with an Au salt to obtain metallic Au nanodots [21]. They used the laser ablation to remove the polymer matrix. In our experiment, however, the laser ablation is used to remove one component of block copolymers. Thereby, we can expect to obtain new functional materials with novel nanostmctures. 

Mixtures These materials are characterized by introducing nanoscale size materials into the polymeric matrix only by physical mixing. Here the nanomaterials are usually in a state of agglomeration. In this case, the nanomaterials are in a weight content less than 10 %. 

The nanostructured surfaces resemble, at least to a certain degree, the architecture of physiological adhesion substrates, such as extracellular matrix, which is composed from nanoscale proteins, and in the case of bone, also hydroxyapatite and other inorganic nanocrystals [16,17,24-27]. From this point of view, carbon nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, may serve as important novel building blocks for creating artificial bioinspired nanostructured surfaces for bone tissue engineering. 

Chakraborty I, Moulik SP (2004) Preparation and characterization of nanoscale semiconductor particles of ZnS, CdS, and PbCr04 in polymer-surfactant gel matrix. J Dispers Sci Technol 25 849-859... 

Many researchers have shown that incorporation of nanoscale dimension particles (inorganic fillers, nanotubes, nanofibers etc) into a polymer matrix enhances the mechanical properties of the polymer without significantly raising its density or sacrificing its light transmission property. For instance, the Toyota research groups... 

This chapter aims to describe the principles behind the processing, microstructural development and properties of particulate ceramic composites and to illustrate these using experimental results. The main emphasis is on examples where the addition of particulates to a ceramic matrix causes new mechanisms to operate that give an improvement in properties greater than would be expected from a rule of mixtures . The chapter concentrates almost exclusively on structural composites, since this is where most work has been done to date. Particulate nanocomposites are included in the chapter, since the important examples described are currently at the coarse end of the nanoscale , and the principles underpinning their properties seem to be a simple extension of those relevant to the microcomposites with which the rest of the chapter is concerned. 

A1203 matrix [38], nanoscale FeOOH particles [39], dispersed ultrafine Mn-Zn ferrite particles [40], polydispersed ferrite particles in a magnetic fluid [41], Fe-based nanoparticles in a polyethylene matrix [42], a granular Cu-Co alloy [43] and maghemite (/-Fe203) nanoparticles in ferrofluids [32], No... 

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