Wormlike structures

When these minerals are heated they dehydrate in a remarkable way by extruding little wormlike structures as indicated by their name (Latin vermiculus, little worm) the resulting porous light-weight mass is much used for packing and insulation. The relationship between the various layer silicates is summarized with idealized formulae in Table 9.10 (on page 357). 

Further modification of the above nanostructures is useful for obtaining new functional materials. Thirdly, we apply the dopant-induced laser ablation technique to site-selectively doped thin diblock copolymer films with spheres (sea-island), cylinders (hole-network), and wormlike structures on the nanoscale [19, 20]. When the dye-doped component parts are ablated away by laser light, the films are modified selectively. Concerning the laser ablation of diblock copolymer films, Lengl et al. carried out the excimer laser ablation of diblock copolymer monolayer films, forming spherical micelles loaded with an Au salt to obtain metallic Au nanodots [21]. They used the laser ablation to remove the polymer matrix. In our experiment, however, the laser ablation is used to remove one component of block copolymers. Thereby, we can expect to obtain new functional materials with novel nanostmctures. 

For symmetric PS-fo-P4VP (20 000 19 000) diblock copolymer films with the wormlike phase separation structures, the TCPP-doped films were irradiated using one laser shot with a fluence of 150 mJ cm in air. The ablation phenomenon is observed for this irradiation fluence (Figure 12.5c and f), but it is difficult to conclude that this is a selective ablation of the doped-P4VP parts. We cannot deny the possibility that the decomposition of the P4VP parts affects the PS parts because of the existence of large interfaces between the two symmetric blocks in wormlike structures. Thus, for the site-selective ablation of diblock copolymer films, the surface morphology of the phase separation structures is one of the most important parameters. 

Vitus and Davenport showed that upon anodic oxidation of Au(l 11), a monolayer of AuO was formed on the surface, maintaining the surface crystallinity. Subsequent electrochemical reduction of the oxide formed a characteristic wormlike structure that coarsened in a matter of hours to restore the original terrace structure of the substrate surface. This result shows that repeated potential cycling performed in the anodic region may destroy or roughen the surface owing to a lack of coalescence of surface atoms after oxide reduction. 

P, and A, described later in the text the tRNA anticodons are in orange. Proteins appear as blue wormlike structures the rRNA as a blended space-filling representation designed to highlight surface features, with the bases in white and the backbone in green. The structure on the right is the 30S subunit... 

FIGURE 1 The 50S subunit of a bacterial ribosome (PDB ID 1 NKW). The protein backbones are shown as blue wormlike structures the rRNA components are transparent. The unstructured extensions of many of the ribosomal proteins snake into the rRNA structures, helping to stabilize them. 

In conclusion, we first described the one step synthesis of nanoporous organosilica powders functionalized with a Non Linear Optical chromophore in the channel pore (azobenzene diethylphosphonate). These powders have been totally characterized and present a meso-porosity with a wormlike structure. Thin films monofunction-alised with NLO chromophore in the channel pores or bifunctionalized (NLO in the channel pores/erbium salt in the framework) were also prepared in one step and characterized by Grazing Incidence Small angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray reflectivity. Interestingly, while the monofunctional thin film presents a lamellar structure, the bifunctional one (channel pores/framework)... 

FIGURE 5.9 Amphiphilic block copolymers form different structures with increasing length of the hydrophobic segment. The resulting curvature forces the formation of micelles, polymersomes, or wormlike structures. 

Less ordered, wormlike structures, thicker walls... 

PDMAEMA) block copolymer brushes on the surface of clay layers [43]. Both exfoHated and intercalated structure were found in the nanocomposites. They also found that the block copol)tmer bmshes form the lamella structure on the day surface after treatment in TH F, and after being treated in water surface micelles and wormlike structures were observed. Because of the amphiphilicity of the polymer bmshes, the clay layers with polymer brushes could be used as stabilizers... 

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