Nanoparticles mucoadhesive

Lamprecht, A., Koenig, P., Ubrich, N., Maincent, P., Neumann, D. (2006). Low molecular weight heparin nanoparticles mucoadhesion and behaviour in Caco-2 cells. Nanotechnology, 17, 3673-3680. 

Keywords Active substances, additives, biodegradable systems, coated systems, dendrimers, environment sensitive systems, matrix diffusion systems, membrane controlled systems, micro, and nanoparticles, mucoadhesion... 

Keywords Polysaccharides Drug delivery Nanoparticle Mucoadhesive... 

Das, S.K., et al. 1995. Evaluation of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for mucoadhesive ocular drug delivery. I. Effect of formulation variables on physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles. Pharm Res 12 534. 

The fate of nanoparticles has also been investigated in vivo. Albrecht et al. studied the in vivo mucoadhesive properties of thiomer formulations using magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence detection (Albrecht et al. 2006). Following the hypothesis that unhydrated thiomers provide better mucoadhesion in vivo the group developed polycarbophil-cysteine microparticles loaded with fluoresceine diacetate (FDA) in Eutex capsules to maintain them in the dry... 

Fig. 9.1 Mucoadhesion studies amount of FDA remaining on the intestinal mucosa when applying fluoresceine diacetate (FDA) alone (grey bars), incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (white bars) and into thiolated chitosan nanoparticles (black bars). Adapted from Bernkop-Schnurch et al. (2006)...

Calcitonin is another compound that was often incorporated into nanoparticles to enhance its oral absorption. Takeuchi et al. (2001) developed Elcato-nin-loaded PLGA nanospheres coated with chitosan, observing a reduction of blood calcium level. Sakuma et al. (2002) hypothesizes that both mucoadhesion of nanoparticles incorporating salmon calcitonin into the GI mucosa (Sakuma et al. 1999,2002) and increase in the stability of salmon calcitonin in the GI tract (Sakuma et al. 1997) result in the improvement of salmon calcitonin absorption. Moreover, chitosan-PEG nanocapsules increased the absorption of salmon calcitonin (Prego et al. 2006). 

Bravo-Osuna, I., C. Vauthier, et al. (2007). Mucoadhesion mechanism of chitosan and thiolated chitosan-poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) core-shell nanoparticles. Biomaterials 28(13) 2233 13. 

Sakuma, S., R. Sudo, et al. (1999). Mucoadhesion of polystyrene nanoparticles having surface hydrophilic polymeric chains in the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Pharm 177(2) 161-72. 

Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM (2004) Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. J Control Rel 100(l) 5-28 Akiyama Y, Nagahara N, Kashihara T, Hirai S, Toguchi H (1995) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres prepared for the gastrointestinal tract using polyglycerol esters of fatty acids and a poly(acrylic acid) derivatives. Pharm Res 12 397-405... 

Raviv U, Needleman DJ, Li Y, Miller HP, Wilson L, Safinya CR (2005) Cationic liposome-microtubule complexes Pathways to the formation of two-state lipid-protein nanotubes with open or closed ends. Proc Nat Acad Sci 102 11167-11172 Sakuma S, Sudo R, Suzuki N, Kikuchi H, Akashi M, Ishida Y, Hayashi M (2002) Behavior of mucoadhesive nanoparticles having hydrophilic polymeric chains in the intestine. J Control Rel 81(3) 281-290... 

Many polymers we used to fabricate nanoparticles are mucoadhesive [78,79]. Among them, e.g., alginate, carrageenans, pectin, etc., are typically used as the core polymers, thus hidden inside the nanoparticulate structure. The interior can be exposed while the nanoparticle undergoes transformation and break-up at the interaction with the gut epithelium. However, there is no doubt that the outer (shell) polymer Pluronic F-68, typically used to prevent aggregation, exhibits a very high degree of mucoadhesion, as do other members of the PEO family of polymers [79]. 

All delivery technologies mentioned in this chapter hold unlimited potential for clinical ophthalmology. However, each of them still bears its own drawbacks. To circumvent these, newer trends are directed toward combinations of the different drug delivery approaches. Examples for this include the incorporation of particulates into in situ gelling systems or coating of nanoparticles with mucoadhesive polymers. 

Microparticles and nanoparticles present some advantageous features, namely mucoadhesive properties. They have demonstrated some potential in vaginal drug delivery, particularly in the formulation of delivery systems for vaccines or peptides and proteins [160, 161], Nonetheless, these particles have to be incorporated in adequate carrier systems in order to be delivered. This task has been shown to be complex, it being hard to achieve controlled-release and steady-release profiles. 

Additional advantages can be obtained by changing nanoparticle surface properties, for example, good stability, mucoadhesion, and long circulation time. For example, the in vivo long-circulating effect is achieved either by coating... 

In spite of these formidable challenges, the attractiveness of oral route has fueled the exploration of an incredibly diverse set of strategies to deliver proteins and peptides and the subject has been exhaustively reviewed. The various approaches include permeation enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesives, multifunctional matrices that simultaneously incorporate the above strategies, enteric coatings that offer protection from the acidic environment of the stomach, encapsulation (liposomes, microspheres, and nanoparticles), pH-sensitive polymers, microemulsions, carriers (delivery agents), and protein modification either to simply enhance permeability or to exploit specific transporters. While proof-of-concept has been demonstrated with most of these delivery systems in animal... 

Coating of PLGA nanoparticles with the mucoadhesive CS improves the stability of the particles in the presence of lysozyme and enhanced the nasal transport of the encapsulated tetanus toxoid. Nanoparticles made solely of CS are stable upon incubation with lysozyme. Moreover, these particles are very efficient in improving the nasal absorption of insulin as well as the local and systemic immune responses to tetanus toxoid, following intranasal administration. 

Carbohydrates to Improve Mucoadhesion of Nanoparticle Drug Carriers... 

Yin LC, Ding JY et al (2009) Drug permeability and mucoadhesion properties of thiolated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles in oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials 30 5691-5700... 

Herein, we are focusing on various new drug delivery systems such as inserts, contact lenses (CLs), mucoadhesiveness, penetration enhancers, implants, particulate and vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes, microemulsion, nanoparticles, iontophoresis, dendrimers, and so on. 

Anitha, A. Deepa, N. Chennazhi, K.P. Nair, S.V. Tamura, H. Jayakumar, R. Development of mucoadhesive thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83 (1), 66-73. 

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