Nanofiber- nanoparticle

Nanobarcodes Nanoemulsions Nanofibers Nanoparticles Nanoshells Carbon nanotubes Quantum dots Artificial binding sites Artificial antibodies Artificial enzymes Artificial receptors Molecularly imprinted polymers Cell simulations and cell diagnostics Cell chips Cell stimulators... 

J. Yin, X. Xia, L. Xiang, Y. Qiao, and X. Zhao, The electrorheological effect of polyaniline nanofiber, nanoparticle and microparticle suspensions. Smart Mater. Struct., 18, 095007 (llpp) (2009). 

The [Gj] structure (where represents the a-l,4-linked trimer maltotriose and n the number of maltotriose units), together with the presence of hydroxyl groups along the chain, confer pullulan its unique physicochemical properties very good solubility in water and high structural flexibility. Pullulan capacity to form thin layers, electros-pxm nanofibers, nanoparticles, flexible coatings or stand-alone films [115] makes it very attractive for various pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. 

Fig. 5.3 Schematic configuration of a DSSC with Ti02 nanofiber-nanoparticle composite acting as an innovative photoanode (Reproduced from Joshi et al. [45] by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry)...

Nanosized objects perform various functions in the biomedical field. In the human body, nanosized particulate substances behave very differently from larger particles. In 1986, Maeda et al. found that the stained albumin, having a size of several nanometers, naturally accumulates in the region of cancerous tissues, which is now well known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many studies in the field of nanoparticles are based on this finding. Another application of nanoparticles is the delivery system using various polyplexes that are composed of carrier molecules and plasmid DNA or nucleic acid drugs such as antisenses and siRNA. In addition, nanofibers are mainly used for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue... 

Lee, C.-L., et al., Preparation of Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and graphite nanofibers via self-regulated reduction of surfactants and their application as electrochemical catalyst. Electrochemistry Communications, 2005. 7(4) p. 453-458. 

The polymer resulting from oxidation of 3,5-dimethyl aniline with palladium was also studied by transmission electron microscopy (Mallick et al. 2005). As it turned out, the polymer was formed in nanofibers. During oxidative polymerization, palladium ions were reduced and formed palladium metal. The generated metal was uniformly dispersed between the polymer nanofibers as nanoparticles of 2 mm size. So, Mallick et al. (2005) achieved a polymer- metal intimate composite material. This work should be juxtaposed to an observation by Newman and Blanchard (2006) that reaction between 4-aminophenol and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate leads to polyaniline (bearing hydroxyl groups) and metallic gold as nanoparticles. Such metal nanoparticles can well be of importance in the field of sensors, catalysis, and electronics with improved performance. 

Bose PP, Drew MGB, Baneijee A. Nanoparticles on self-assembling pseudopeptide-based nanofiber by using a short peptide as capping agent for metal nanoparticles. Org Lett 2007 9 2489-2492. 

Electrospinning is a method allowing creation of polymer fibers with diameters in the range between a few tens of nanometers to a few micrometers, starting from a solution of preformed polymer. MIP nanoparticles have been included into nanofibers by electrospinning [126, 127], In another case, the nanofibers were directly produced by electrospinning and polymerizing an MIP-precursor solution [128]. Such MIP fibers can then be used, for example, for the preparation of affinity separation materials [129] or as affinity layers in biosensors [127, 130]. 

Figure 11.2 nanoparticles (0-dimension), nanofibers (1-dimension), nano-layers (2-dimensions), and nano-networks (3-dimension). 

The 0-d nanoparticles can be nano-metal oxides (such as silica,1 titania,2 alumina3), nano-metal carbide,4 and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS),5 to name just a few the 1-d nanofibers can be carbon nanofiber,6 and carbon nanotubes (CNT),7 which could be single-wall CNTs (SWCNT) or multiwall CNTs (MWCNT) etc. the 2-d nano-layers include, but are not limited to, layered silicates,8 layered double hydroxides (LDH),9 layered zirconium phosphate,10 and layered titanates,11 etc. 3-d nano-networks are rarely used and thus examples are not provided here. 

Several nanoparticles having a non-spherical shape have been synthesized, e.g., carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, and nanowires which exhibit, similar to asbestos, a fibrous shape. 

Yu Y, Gu L, Wang C, Dhanabalan A, Van Aken PA, Maier J. Encapsulation of Sn carbon nanoparticles in bamboo-like hollow carbon nanofibers as an anode material in lithium-based batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2009 48 6485-9. 

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