Nano-Metal Oxides

A fuel cell has been described that contains a first layer comprising a first ionomer and an additive. The additive is a metal oxide from Ce, Mn, V, Pt, Ru, Zr, Ni, Cr, W, Co, Mo, or Sn. This additive is present in an amormt of at least 0.1% of the ionomer. The metal oxide essentially consists of nanoparticles (153). 

the particles have at least one dimension that is less than 200 nm. The use of nanoparticles was found to improve the performance of the membrane assemblies compared to assemblies using macroparticles. As ionomers, perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, e.g., poly-(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorosulfonyl fluoride), can be used (153). 

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In contrast to nano-metal oxides synthesized by chemical methods, some transition metals oxides have also been made by solid state reactions and important among them are NiO (=10nm) and Co304 (=23-25 nm). Such reactions are very clean and eco-friendly [99, 100]. 

The 0-d nanoparticles can be nano-metal oxides (such as silica,1 titania,2 alumina3), nano-metal carbide,4 and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS),5 to name just a few the 1-d nanofibers can be carbon nanofiber,6 and carbon nanotubes (CNT),7 which could be single-wall CNTs (SWCNT) or multiwall CNTs (MWCNT) etc. the 2-d nano-layers include, but are not limited to, layered silicates,8 layered double hydroxides (LDH),9 layered zirconium phosphate,10 and layered titanates,11 etc. 3-d nano-networks are rarely used and thus examples are not provided here. 

Prediction of Membrane Damage by Nano Metal Oxides... 

Due to a large pool of available nano metal oxides and their industrial applications numerous efforts have been carried out to link their characteristics to biological outcome. Such studies have been performed experimentally and augmented by details obtained using computational methods. Recently the experimental data on... 

C03O4, Ce02, AI2O3) [45]. These data were used to develop computational models. The experimental results on this endpoint related to four doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 pg/mL) and seven exposure time (from 1 to 7 h) for aU 24 nano metal-oxides were examined. Figure 12.9 contains an example of the representation for (i) nano metal-oxide and (ii) conditions of its impact upon cell membrane. The data set contains the numerical values of cell membrane damage which are characterized by dispersion <10 % [46]. 

Table 12.16 The list of Q which are used for representation of nano metal-oxides and conditions of their action. For example, the Zn.O.A2 means (i) nano metal-oxide ZnO (ii) dose is 200 pg/mL and (Hi) exposure time is 2 h...

Table 12.18 The model for split 1 (i) representation of the nano metal-oxides (ii) distribution into the sub-training, calibration and validation sets (iii) the numerical data on the DCW(1,10) and (iv) numerical data for cell membrane damage (CMD) [1]...

There is a case when the SIMS and APT curves differ. It is when the point of interest is inside or close to an interlayer. Some examples are for implanted As that is enriched in the Si/oxide interface by annealing, the complementary dip in concentration (i.e.. some nanometers inside the Si) is not seen by SIMS but by APT [391] a shallow boron implant after annealing yields higher concentrations of B near the surface via SIMS than by APT measurement [391] and the perceived elevated Ge concentration within a SiGe/Si interface is much higher in APT than in SIMS (14% vs. 8.5%) [360], Another instance is the segregation of Pt in Ni(E %) Si contacts as used in nano-metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) [397], After deposition of Ni(Pt5%) onto Si and subsequent heat treat-... 

Valencia, Raymond P, ed. Applied Physics in the Twenty-first Century. New York Nova Science, 2010. Includes chapters on nano metal oxide thin films, spectroscopic analysis, computational studies, magnetically modified biological materials, and plasma technology. 

Lu, Q., et al., 2010a. Catal3dic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with nano metal oxides an analytical py-GC/MS study. Energies 3 (11), 1805. 

Precursors to nano metal oxides Fuel for bipropellant rockets... 

Nine-coordinate hydrazinium lanthanide ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) hydrates of the formula (N2H5)[Ln(EDTA)(H20)3](H20)5, where M = Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy, are prepared by adding an aqueous mixture of H4EDTA and hydrazine hydrate to their respective Ln nitrate hydrate aqueous solution [10]. Crystalline solids separate after a few weeks from the clear filtered solution of the mixture. X-Ray powder diffraction patterns of each complex reveal isomorphism among them. X-Ray crystallography of single crystals of Dy shows it to be nine-coordinate with hexadentate EDTA" and three more coordination sites occupied by water molecules. These EDTA complexes form the respective nano-metal oxide as end products observed in their multi-step degradation by thermal analysis. 

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