Antibodies artificial

Bulk and surface imprinting strategies are straightforward tools to generate artificial antibodies. Combined with transducers such as QCM (quartz crystal microbalance), SAW (surface acoustic wave resonator), IDC (interdigital capacitor) or SPR (surface plasmon resonator) they yield powerful chemical sensors for a very broad range of analytes. 

Molecularly imprinted polymers have recently attracted much attention because they are denoted as artificial antibodies which are made from simple chemical components via polymerization and can be used for the preparation ofbiomimetic sensors, affinity separation matrices, catalysts, etc. (Figure 1). 

T. Kitade, K. Kitamura, T. Konishi, S. Takegami, T. Okuno, M. Ishikawa, M. Wakabayashi, K. Nishikawa, and Y. Muramatsu, Potentiometric immunosensor using artificial antibody based on molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal. Chem. 76, 6802-6807 (2004). 

Wulff G. Molecular imprinting in cross-linked materials with the aid of molecular templates— a way towards artificial antibodies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995 34 1812-1832. 

IgGl molecule. Consequently, an artificial antibody is constituted with two Fab sites, which are soluble human 75-kDa TNF-a receptors. It competitively inhibits the binding of TNF molecules to the TNF receptor sites. The binding of etaner-cept to TNF renders the bound TNF biologically inactive, resulting in the reduction of the inflammatory activity. The most frequent adverse side effects are injection site reactions, infections and headache and malignancies are rare. Etanercept is not recommended for patients with serious infections or sepsis and does not appear to result in the reactivation of tuberculosis. 

Shea and colleagues [109-111] added an exciting contribution to this field They created molecular imprints for the peptide melittin, the main component of bee venom, in polymer nanoparticles, resulting in artificial antibody mimics that can be used for the in vivo capture and neutralization of melittin. Melittin is a peptide comprising 26 amino acids which is toxic because of its cytolytic activity. Shea and colleagues strategy was to synthesize cross-linked, acrylamide-based MIP nanoparticles by a process based on precipitation polymerization using a small amount of surfactant. To maximize the specificity and the affinity for melittin, a number of hydrophilic monomers were screened for complementarity with the template. The imprinted nanoparticles were able to bind selectively the peptide with an apparent dissociation constant of Ax>app > 1 nM [109]. 

Iba, Y., and Kurosawa, Y. (1997). Comparison of strategies for the construction of libraries of artificial antibodies. Immunol. Cell Biol. 75, 217-221. 

Molecular imprinting has recently attracted considerable attention as an approach to the preparation of polymers containing recognition sites with predetermined selectivity. The history and specifics of the imprinting technique pioneered by Wulff in the 1970s have been detailed in brilliant review article [40]. These materials, if successfully prepared, are expected to find applications in numerous areas such as the resolution of racemates, chromatography, substrate selective catalysis, and the production of "artificial antibodies". Imprinted monoliths have also recently received... 

Nanobarcodes Nanoemulsions Nanofibers Nanoparticles Nanoshells Carbon nanotubes Quantum dots Artificial binding sites Artificial antibodies Artificial enzymes Artificial receptors Molecularly imprinted polymers Cell simulations and cell diagnostics Cell chips Cell stimulators... 

After recovering from a battle with a life-threatening kidney disease, devotes himself to war research on rocket propellants and explosives, artificial plasma and artificial antibodies, and invents an oxygen-measuring device for use in submarines... 

Another notable difference between imprinted artificial antibodies and natural antibodies lies in the fact that imprinted polymers are classified as cross-linked organic polymers, generally insoluble in common solvents. This characteristic feature makes them attractive and advantageous for application in analytical and separation technology, because imprinted polymers can be used as affinity materials... 

Fig, 13.7. Batch-type in situ molecularly imprinted procedure for preparing a library of artificial antibody polymers. 

A molecularly imprinted polymer is an artificial antibody that is tailored for a specific molecule. The in situ technique introduces another attractive feature, in that the imprinted polymer is tailor-made for a specific application with a minimum of experimental steps, emphasising the original statement that imprinted polymers can be easily and simply prepared and applied. It is also shown that the in situ method is useful for designing a molecular imprinting system and would be helpful for mechanistic studies of molecular imprinting and recognition. Thus, advances in the basics and applications of molecular imprinting can be expected by this technique. 

MIMs are also included in this group, as their development was inspired by the instructional theory of antibody formation, and they have often been referred to as artificial antibodies . 

These matrices have been used as chromatographic stationary phases for both enantiomeric and stereoisomeric separations [8], as artificial antibodies in immunoassay-type analyses [7], as microreactors for stereoselective synthesis [9] and as catalysts [10,11] and equilibrium-shifters [12,13] for a variety of reactions. Since MIPs can be produced for such a wide variety of molecules, these characteristics have led many researchers to investigate the possibilities of employing MIPs as the... 

Ansell RJ, Ramstrom O, and Mosbach K. Towards artificial antibodies prepared by molecular imprinting. Clin. Chem. 1996 42 1506-1512. 

Ligands and artificial antibodies for binding affinity and specificity,... 

Dickert FL, Lieberzeit P, Tortschanoff M (2000) Molecular imprints as artificial antibodies - a new generation of chemical sensors. Sensors Actuators B 65(2) 186-189... 

A further step in the design of artificial antibodies , as they are sometimes termed, for chemical sensing is to generate recognition abilities directly within a polymeric material. This has the following advantages ... 

---