Nano-montmorillonite

Z.L. Ma, W.Y. Zhang, and X.Y. Liu, Using PA6 as a charring agent in intumescent polypropylene formulations based on carboxylated polypropylene compatibilizer and nano-montmorillonite synergistic agent, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2006, 101 739-746. 

Choi and Chung [16] were the first to prepare phenolic resin/layered sihcate nanocomposites with intercalated or exfoliated nanostructures by melt interaction using linear novolac and examined their mechanical properties and thermal stability. Lee and Giannelis [10] reported a melt interaction method for phenolic resin/clay nanocomposites, too. Although PF resin is a widely used polymer, there are not many research reports on PF resin/montmorillonite nanocomposites, and most of the research investigations have concentrated on linear novolac resins. Up to now, only limited research studies on resole-type phenolic resin/layered silicate nanocomposites have been published [17-19] and there is still no report on the influence of nano-montmorillonite on phenolic resin as wood adhesive. Normally H-montmorillonite (HMMT) has been used as an acid catalyst for the preparation of novolac/layered silicate nanocomposites. Resole resins can be prepared by condensation reaction catalyzed by alkaline NaMMT, just as what HMMT has done for novolac resins. 

Chang TP, Shih JY, Yang KM, Hsiao TC. Material properties of portland cement paste with nano-montmorillonite. J Mater Sci 2007 42(17) 7478-7487. 

Fig. 3.14 (a, b) Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay. (Wallace 2015). Source [https //nice.asu.edu/ nano/montmorillonite-mmt-nanoclays-ashpalt]... 

The tensile strength of the blend PP/PVC (40/60) increases gradually with a rising addition of nano-montmorillonite. When the content of nano-montmorillonite is 5 parts per hundreds of resin, the tensile strength of the blend reaches a maximum value and increases by 22% compared to the pure PP/PVC blend."... 

Feng, R., Zhang, Y., Li, H. etal. (2013) Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for zeranol detection based on signal amplification strategy of nanoporous gold films and nano-montmorillonite as labels. Anal. Chim. Acta, 758, 72-79. 

Clays have long been used as fillers in polymer systems because of low cost and the improved mechanical properties of the resulting polymer composites. If all other parameters are equal, the efficiency of a filler to improve the physical and mechanical properties of a polymer system is sensitive to its degree of dispersion in the polymer matrix (Krishnamoorti et ah, 1996). In the early 1990s, Toyota researchers (Okada et ah, 1990) discovered that treatment of montmorillonite (MMT) with amino acids allowed dispersion of the individual 1 nm thick silicate layers of the clay scale in polyamide on a molecular. Their hybrid material showed major improvements in physical and mechanical properties even at very low clay content (1.6 vol %). Since then, many researchers have performed investigations in the new field of polymer nano-composites. This has lead to further developments in the range of materials and synthesizing methods available. 

Growth of nano-zeolite Beta on Montmorillonite Preparation, characterization and catalytic performance... 

A new composite containing montmorillonite and zeolite Beta was prepared and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, FT-IR, SEM and catalytic testing. It indicates that nano-zeolite Beta grows on montmorillonite, and high diffusion is obtained, due to the abundance of interspace formed in composite. 

Keywords montmorillonite Beta zeolite nano zeolite. 

In this chapter, the redox and hydrolytic processes that result in the formation of nano- and microparticles will be discussed in metal ions (manganese, iron, lead, zinc, and silver ions)/montmorillonite (bentonite) systems. In addition, the catalytic diacetylation reaction of aromatic aldehydes will be shown. 

A series of five nanocomposite elastomer systems were prepared for this study incorporating 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8% (on total resin mass) of the organically modified montmorillonite clay Cloisite 6A. The appropriate level of Cloisite was dispersed in a starting resin blend of OH terminated PDMS (M -77,000 and Mn -550 g mol in a 3 1 ratio) by a combination of mechanical mixing and ultrasonic processing to give a nano-dispersion of clay platelets. The blend was subsequently crosslinked with a stoichiometric level of tetrapropoxysilane (TPOS) in the presence of 5% diphenylmethylsilanol (DPMS) chain terminator and 5% tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate catalyst, cured in an open mould at 65°C for twenty minutes, then removed from the mould and post cured for a further fifteen hours at 65°C to give an elastomeric mat. 

Figure 3.1. Kinetics of Ni sorption (%) on pyrophyllite, kaolinite, gibbsite, and montmorillonite from a 3 mM Ni solution, an ionic strength I = 0.1 NaNOs, and a pH of 7.5. (From Scheidegger et al., 1997a.)...

Table 8 compares [106,107] the various parameters thus evaluated for the formation of clay-polyether nano composites from [H3N(CH2)5COOH]+ and [H3N(CH2)n COOH]+ montmorillonite. 

CHI 10a] Chivrac F., Angellier-Coussy H., Guillard V., etal, How does water diffuse in starch/montmorillonite nano-biocomposite materials . Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, no. l,pp. 128-135,2010. 

CHI 10 b] Chivrac F., Pollet E., Dole P., et al, Starch-based nano-biocomposites plasticizer impact on the montmorillonite exfoliation process , Carbofydrate Polymers, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 941-947,2010. 

In practice, the techniques of blending, compositing and nano-reinforcement are often used together. Thermoplastic starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)/clay nanocomposites exhibited the intercalated and exfoliated structures [260]. Mont-morillonite (MMT) with three types of cation or modifier (Na", alkyl ammonium ion, and citric acid) was examined. The prepared nanocomposites with modified montmorillonite indicated a mechanical improvement in the properties, in comparison with pristine MMT. 

Abstract Biopolymers are expected to be an alternative for conventional plastics due to the limited resources and soaring petroleum price which will restrict the use of petroleum based plastics in the near future. PLA has attracted the attention of polymer scientist recently as a potential biopolymer to substitute the conventional petroleum based plastics. The chapter aims to highlight on the recent developments in preparation and characterization of PLA blends (biodegradable and non-biodegradable blends), PLA composites (natural fiber and mineral fillers) and PLA nanocomposites (PLA/montmorillonite, PLA/carbon nanotubes and PLA/cellulose nano whiskers). 

Jiang, L., Zhang, J., Wolcott, M.P. Comparison of polylactide/nano-sized calcium carbonate and polylactide/montmorillonite composites Reinforcing effects and toughening mechanisms. Polymer 48, 7632-7644 (2007)... 

Layered siUcate/polypropylene nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation method. Homopolymers PP alone and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PPgMA) as a compatibiUzer were used as the matrix. Clay (Na montmorillonite, MMT) particles were used to obtain silicate nano-layers within the PP matrix. Structural modification of MMT... 

Other than montmorillonite, synthetic mica, saponite and hectorite were used to synthesize a nylon 6-clay hybrid. The nano composites fabricated by using each of these types of clay were called NCH, NCHM, NCHP and NCHH. 

Silicate layers were uniformly dispersed in nylon 6 in NCH, NCHM, NCHP and NCHH at the molecular level. The thicknesses of the silicate layers were 1 nm in all of these nanocomposites, but their widths varied depending on the type of clay used. An examination of each photograph revealed that the width of the nano composites fabricated using montmorillonite and synthetic mica were about 100 nm and those of the nanocomposites fabricated using saponite and hectorite were about 50 nm. 

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