Alkyl ammonium

CycHc carbonates are made by treating 1,2-diols with dialkyl carbonates using an alkyl ammonium and tertiary amine catalyst. The combination of propylene glycol and dimethyl carbonate has been reported to result in a 98% yield of propylene carbonate (21). 

W. M. Linfteld, "Straight-Chain Alkyl ammonium Compounds," in E. Jungermaim, ed.. Cationic Surfactants, Vol. 4, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,... 

Organic Reactions. Primary alcohols react with sulfamic acid to form alkyl ammonium sulfate salts (21—23) ... 

Physical Properties. Sulfuryl chloride [7791-25-5] SO2CI2, is a colorless to light yellow Hquid with a pungent odor. Physical and thermodynamic properties are Hsted ia Table 7. Sulfuryl chloride dissolves sulfur dioxide, bromine, iodine, and ferric chloride. Various quaternary alkyl ammonium salts dissolve ia sulfuryl chloride to produce highly conductive solutions. Sulfuryl chloride is miscible with acetic acid and ether but not with hexane (193,194). 

The azo coupling reaction proceeds by the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. In the case of 4-chlorobenzenediazonium compound with l-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid [84-87-7] the reaction is not base-catalyzed, but that with l-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid and 2-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid [92-40-0] is moderately and strongly base-catalyzed, respectively. The different rates of reaction agree with kinetic studies of hydrogen isotope effects in coupling components. The magnitude of the isotope effect increases with increased steric hindrance at the coupler reaction site. The addition of bases, even if pH is not changed, can affect the reaction rate. In polar aprotic media, reaction rate is different with alkyl-ammonium ions. Cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants can also influence the reaction rate (27). 

An exception to the lone pair or donor electron requirement of organic inhibitors is provided by the quaternary ammonium compounds. Meakins reports the effectiveness of tetra-alkyl ammonium bromides with the alkyl group having C 10. Comparative laboratory tests of commercial inhibitors of this type have been described . The inhibiting action of tetra-butyl ammonium sulphate for iron in H S-saturated sulphuric acid has been described, better results being achieved than with mono-, di- or tri-butylamines . 

The constancy of the second-order rate coefficients (k2) in the presence of tetra-alkyl-ammonium nitrates (Table 26) indicates the validity of the assumptions. 

Alkyl ammonium chloride (quaternium-15). Acts as a surfactant, disinfectant, and deodorant. 

Rearrangement of arylamines or aryl alkyl ammonium salts... 

The cation in an ionic liquid typically is an organic nitrogen-based ion such as alkyl ammonium, alkyl pyridinium, or dialkylimidazolium, examples of which appear below. 

Certain alkylated ammonium, phosphonium, or sulfonium compounds are effective, in relatively low concentrations, in interfering with the growth of gas hydrate crystals [972] and therefore are useful in inhibiting plugging by gas hydrates in conduits containing low-boiling hydrocarbons and water. For example, tetrabutylammonium bromide will be active. Gas hydrate or ice formation is further inhibited in lines by adding amino acids or amino alcohols [523]. 

An enormous variety of solvates associated with many different kinds of compounds is reported in the literature. In most cases this aspect of the structure deserved little attention as it had no effect on other properties of the compound under investigation. Suitable examples include a dihydrate of a diphosphabieyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivative 29), benzene and chloroform solvates of crown ether complexes with alkyl-ammonium ions 30 54>, and acetonitrile (Fig. 4) and toluene (Fig. 5) solvates of organo-metallic derivatives of cyclotetraphosphazene 31. In most of these structures the solvent entities are rather loosely held in the lattice (as is reflected in relatively high thermal parameters of the corresponding atoms), and are classified as solvent of crystallization or a space filler 31a). However, if the geometric definition set at the outset is used to describe clathrates as crystalline solids in which guest molecules... 

The anionic exchange reagents commonly employed in these processes are tris-alkyl ammonium cations, generally dissolved in an aromatic diluent such as xylene. Tris-isooctylamine has been used at Falconbridge Nikkeiverk in Kristiandsand, Norway for the purification of solutions derived from HC1 leaching of Ni—Cu matte for over 30 years.103... 

Fig. 2.17 Three structure candidates (A, B, and C) of alkyl-ammonium/magnesium phyllosilicate hybrids. Reprinted with permission from [88], K. Fuji etal., Chem. Mater., 2003, 75,1189.

Acyl nitroso compounds (3, Scheme 7.2) contain a nitroso group (-N=0) directly attached to a carbonyl carbon. Oxidation of an N-acyl hydroxylamine derivative provides the most direct method for the preparation of acyl C-nitroso compounds [10]. Treatment of hydroxamic acids, N-hydroxy carbamates or N-hydroxyureas with sodium periodate or tetra-alkyl ammonium periodate salts results in the formation of the corresponding acyl nitroso species (Scheme 7.2) [11-14]. Other oxidants including the Dess-Martin periodinane and both ruthenium (II) and iridium (I) based species efficiently convert N-acyl hydroxylamines to the corresponding acyl nitroso compounds [15-18]. The Swern oxidation also provides a useful alternative procedure for the oxidative preparation of acyl nitroso species [19]. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed oxidation of N-hydroxyurea with hydrogen peroxide forms an acyl nitroso species, which can be trapped with 1, 3-cyclohexanone, giving evidence of the formation of these species with enzymatic oxidants [20]. 

The preferred electrolytes if the solvent is water are KC1 and NaN03. If the solvent is a non-aqueous organic liquid, then we prefer salts of tetra-alkyl ammonium, such as tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, "BrnN+BF. ... 

Cationic, or positively charged, e.g. tetra-alkyl ammonium chloride (used as fabric softeners). 

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