Nails removal

Uses. Common industrial solvent more recently a commercial artificial nail remover... 

Geller, R.J., Elkins, B.R., and Iknoian, R.C., Cyanide toxicity from acetonitrile-containing false nail remover, Am. J. Emerg. Med., 9, 268-270, 1991. 

A 16-month-old girl was found to have ingested approimately 30 mL of an acetonitrile-based cosmetic nail remover when she vomited 15 minutes postingestion. The poison control center was contacted, but no treatment was recommended because it was confused with an acetone-based nail polish remover. The child was put to bed at her normal time, which was 2 hours postingestion. Respiratory distress developed sometime after the child was put to bed, and she was found dead the next morning. 

Nail removal can be accomplished by soaking in acetone for about 15 min. Many artificial nail removers contain acetonitrile, which has caused deaths in children who accidentally ingested the nail remover because the containers did not have safety caps (Caravati and Litovitz 1988). Methacrylic acid, used in primers, is very corrosive, causing chemical burns in children who handle them (Woolf and Shaw 1998). Accidental poisoning may be a problem when manicurists practice these techniques in their homes or store chemicals at home and when consumers use these materials (Potter et al. 1988). Acetone cannot be used to remove photobonded nails, and this is a disadvantage if contact allergies develop (Baran and Schoon 1998). 

The indications for nail removal in hand HF injuries are contentious. HF passes easily through nails where it can cause severe damage to subungual tissue. As this skin is not accessible to the above therapies, most authors would not hesitate to remove nails if there is severe pain to allow adequate treatment by either topical agents or subcutaneous infiltration. 

Used lumber must have all nails removed before stacking. Lumber must be stacked and leveled on solidly supported bracing. The stacks must be stable and self-supporting. Stacks of loose bricks should not be more than 7 ft (2.1 m) in height. When these stacks reach a height of 4 ft (1.2 m), they should be tapered back 2 in. (51 mm) for every foot of height above the 4-ft (1.2-m) level. When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 ft (1.8 m), the stacks should be tapered back one-half block for each tier above the 6-ft (1.8-m) level. 

For the filtration of very small quantities of crystals, the simple apparatus shown in Fig. 46 is often used. It consists of a fine glass rod (sometimes termed a filtration nail ) which is flattened at one end, the flattened surface being preferably roughened. It fits as shown into a small funnel which replaces F (Fig. 45). A circular piece of filter-paper is cut e-g.y with a clean sharp cork-borer) so as to fit completely and snugly over the flat end. After draining, the nail is raised and the filter-paper and crystals are removed with forceps and dried. 

Quick-breaking foams consist of a miscible solvent system such ethanol (qv) [64-17-5] and water, and a surfactant that is soluble in one of the solvents but not in both. These foams are advantageous for topical appHcation of pharmaceuticals because, once the foam hits the affected area, the foam coUapses, deUvering the product to the wound without further injury from mechanical dispersion. This method is especially usehil for treatment of bums. Some personal products such as nail poHsh remover and after-shave lotion have also been formulated as quick-breaking foams. 

Isopropyl alcohol is also employed widely as a solvent for cosmetics (qv), eg, lotions, perfumes, shampoos, skin cleansers, nail poHshes, makeup removers, deodorants, body oils, and skin lotions. In cosmetic appHcations, the acetone-like odor of isopropyl alcohol is masked by the addition of fragrance (144). 

Over the years the cosmetic iadustry has created a wide variety of products for nail care. Some of these, such as cuticle removers and nail hardeners, are functional others, such as nail lacquers, lacquer removers, and nail elongators, are decorative. 

Functional Nail-Care Products. Cuticle removers are solutions of dilute alkaHes that faciHtate removal, or at least softeniag, of the cuticle. Formulations containing as much as 5% potassium hydroxide have been reported. Such preparations may contain about 10% glycerine to reduce dryiag, and thickeners, such as clays, to reduce mnoff Lipids and other conditioners are iacluded to reduce damage to tissues other than the cuticle. 

Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammoniumbenzoate (denatonium benzoate [3734-33-6] Bitrex) is an extremely bitter tasting, nonirritating, and nonmutagenic compound that has been widely used in many household products such as detergents, nail poHsh removers, and cleaning agents, to prevent childhood poisoning. It is also used as an alcohol denaturant. 

The sampling of nails was performed from the all fingers of hands and foots of healthy people both sexes at the age of 20-30 years old. We elaborated the method for removing the exogenous contaminations from the nail samples. 

The absorption, distribution, and accumulation of lead in the human body may be represented by a three-part model (6). The first part consists of red blood cells, which move the lead to the other two parts, soft tissue and bone. The blood cells and soft tissue, represented by the liver and kidney, constitute the mobile part of the lead body burden, which can fluctuate depending on the length of exposure to the pollutant. Lead accumulation over a long period of time occurs in the bones, which store up to 95% of the total body burden. However, the lead in soft tissue represents a potentially greater toxicological hazard and is the more important component of the lead body burden. Lead measured in the urine has been found to be a good index of the amount of mobile lead in the body. The majority of lead is eliminated from the body in the urine and feces, with smaller amounts removed by sweat, hair, and nails. 

Acetone is widely used as a nail polish remover. A sample of liquid acetone is placed in a 3.00-L flask and vaporized by heating to 95°C at 1.02 atm. The vapor filling the flask at this temperature and pressure weighs 5.87 g. 

Acetone, C3HeO, is the main ingredient of nail polish remover. A solution is made up by adding 35.0 mL of acetone (d = 0.790 g/mL) to 50.0 mL of ethyl alcohol, C2H60 (d = 0.789 g/mL). Assuming volumes are additive, calculate... 

Isopropyl alcohol is the main ingredient in rubbing alcohol It can decompose into acetone (the main ingredient in nail polish remover) and hydrogen gas according to the following reaction ... 

Nail polish remover Other anesthetics Ether... 

Possible danger to respiratory tract from fumes ammonia, acetone, nail polish remover, heated sulfur, moth balls Make sure there is good ventilation. Never smell fumes directly. Wear a mask. Leave foul area and notify your teacher immediately. 

One of the first operations in the startup phase is the flushing of all lines using air or water. Its purpose is to remove any foreign material that may have gotten into the lines. This includes welding rods, nails, plastic lunch bags, handkerchiefs, and the like. To do this, the water should flow at a velocity exceeding 12 ft/sec (3.6 m/sec) and the air at a velocity above 200 ft/sec (60 m/sec). 

Organic solvents inhaled by abusers include gasoline, glue, aerosols, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, typewriter correction fluid, lighter fluid, cleaning fluids, paint products, nail polish remover, waxes, and varnishes. Chemicals in these products include nitrous oxide, toluene, benzene, methanol, methylene chloride, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, trichloroethylene, and trichloroethane. 

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