Acrylic acid , copolymerization with

Emulsion breakers are made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymerized with hydrophilic monomers [148]. The acid groups of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are oxalkylated by a mixture of polyglycols and polyglycol ethers to provide free hydroxy groups on the molecule. The copolymers are made by a conventional method, for example, by free radical copolymerization in solution, emulsion, or suspension. The oxalkylation is performed in the presence of an acid catalyst, the acid being neutralized by an amine when the reaction is complete. 

Itaconic acid, copolymerization with acrylic monomers, l 380t IT ALP AT files, 18 248 Italy... 

The soluble metalloporphyrin-containing polymers are formed by the copolymerization of MM A or 4-VP with macrocyclic MCM — an interaction product of acrylic acid chloride with tetra-p-aminophenylporphyrinate acetate manganese [96]. Copolymers obtained by the radical copolymerization of acryloyl derivatives of cobalt phthalocyanine with 9-vinylcarbazole [97] should also be mentioned. 

The synthesis of manganese acetate tetra-p-aminophenylporphyrinate (MnAc-TAPhP) chemically immobilized on different polymeric supports was carried out, and its catalytic activity during cholesterol oxidation by molecular oxygen was studied [107]. Soluble porphyrin-containing polymers were obtained by copolymerization of methacrylate or 4-vinylpyridine with the product of interaction of acrylic acid chloride with MnAcTAPhP. Cholesterol oxidation was performed in a 1 1 mixture of ethanol and chloroform. The effective rate constants, / eff, were determined from the initial rate of product formation. 

CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH=CH2 and Ge(CH=CH2)3CH2CH=CHCH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH=CH2 (65% yield) or, in the presence of benzene, only the first isomer (45% yield) [31]. Radical copolymerization of Ge(CH=CH2)4 with acrylic acid and with maleic anhydride is claimed in... 

Poly(butyl acrylate)-co-GMA (2-5 mol% functional monomer) (42)/PP (53-58)/ PP-MA (0.4 % MA) TSE at 180 °C/mechanical properties/ DMTA/gel content/FTTR/TEM ly (butyl acrylate) also copolymerized with olefinic oxazoline, amine, carboxylic acid, or hydroxyl Vaiirio et al. 1996b... 

The gel was prepared by radical copolymerization at 323[K] for 48 hours. The total monomer concentration in N, N-dimethylformamide was kept at 3.0M in the presence of O.OIM N,N - methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a cross-linking agent and O.OIM a, a - azobis (isobutyronitrUe) (AIBN) as an initiator. Monomers were 2 - acrylamido-2- methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), n-stearyl acrylate (SA), and acrylic acid (AA) with the composition (AMPS SA AA) = (20 5 75). After the polymerizations, the gel was immersed in a large amount of pure water to remove un-reacted reagents until it reached an equilibrium... 

To be suitable as a pressure sensitive adhesive, acrylic adhesives are based on acrylic esters with four or more carbon atoms, the most common of which are n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. These acrylates are copolymerized with other monomers such as acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, other acrylates, styrene, vinyl acetate, and a,i8- unsaturated carboxylic acids, depending on the adhesive properties required. This versatility inherent in the acrylics has led to the design of products requiring widely different adhesive properties, from those of permanent labels and high performance tapes to removable labels and films. ... 

Fig. 2. Functional groups on modified polyacrylamides (a) formed by reaction with dimethylamine and formaldehyde (Mannich reaction) (b), quatemized Mannich amine (c), carboxylate formed by acid or base-cataly2ed hydrolysis or copolymerization with sodium acrylate and (d), hydroxamate formed by...

The simplest monomer, ethylenesulfonic acid, is made by elimination from sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and polyphosphoric acid. Ethylenesulfonic acid is readily polymerized alone or can be incorporated as a copolymer using such monomers as acrylamide, aHyl acrylamide, sodium acrylate, acrylonitrile, methylacrylic acid, and vinyl acetate (222). Styrene and isobutene fail to copolymerize with ethylene sulfonic acid. 

Pure polymeric acrylonitrile is not an interesting fiber and it is virtually undyeable. In order to make fibers of commercial iaterest acrylonitrile is copolymerized with other monomers such as methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, vinyl compounds, etc, to improve mechanical, stmctural, and dyeing properties. Eibers based on at least 85% of acrylonitrile monomer are termed acryHc fibers those containing between 35—85% acrylonitrile monomer, modacryhc fibers. The two types are in general dyed the same, although the type and number of dye sites generated by the fiber manufacturing process have an influence (see Eibers, acrylic). 

There have been other approaches to obtaining rubber/metal adhesion besides primers or additives consisting of phenolics or epoxies plus halogenated elastomers. For example, carboxylated polymers (olefins and diolefins copolymerized with acrylic acid monomers) have shown excellent adhesion to metals. Very little carboxyl is necessary, and polymers with carboxyl contents as low as 0.1% show good adhesion when laminated to bare steel. When these materials possess... 

A significant step towards commercial success came with a discovery in the late 1950s by E. Ulrich at 3M when he found that copolymerization of hydrogen bonding monomers, like acrylic acid with alkyl acrylates resulted in cohesively strong, yet tacky materials [63]. Since then, newer developments in such areas as polymer crosslinking, and the synthesis and copolymerization of new monomers, have led to a rapid penetration of acrylics throughout the PSA industry. 

It is for this reason that the discovery by Ulrich was of significant importance to the successful development of acrylic PSAs. He found that by copolymerizing polar monomers, such as acrylic acid, one could greatly increase the cohesive strength of the polymer allowing PSA articles coated with this type of material to sustain a load without premature shear failure. These polar monomers commonly... 

The amount of polar monomer one would copolymerize with the alkyl acrylate monomer(s) very much depends on the type of polar monomer and the desired change in rheological properties one would like to achieve. Strong hydrogen bonding monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, or methacrylamide are typically used at levels of 12% or less of the total monomers. 

The other class of acrylic compatible tackifiers includes those based on ter-penes. Terpenes are monomers obtained by wood extraction or directly from pine tree sap. To make the polyterpene tackifiers, the monomers have to be polymerized under cationic conditions, typically with Lewis acid catalysis. To adjust properties such as solubility parameter and softening point, other materials such as styrene, phenol, limonene (derived from citrus peels), and others may be copolymerized with the terpenes. 

Hybrid systems of acrylics with other technologies have been reported. Aciylic and epoxy polymers can be coupled through the use of 2-methacryloloxyethyl phosphate. The phosphoric acid functionality reacts with epoxy and the methacrylate group copolymerizes with the acrylic backbone [ 145] (Scheme 14). 

Alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers have been copolymerized with a variety of monomers, both by radical and anionic initiation. The radical-initiated copolymerization with acrylic monomers was performed with a sufficient amount of an acid stabilizer present to suppress polymerization by anionic means [19]. This investigation has been covered extensively elsewhere. 

Styrene monomer was also copolymerized with a series of functional monomers by using a single-step dispersion copolymerization procedure carried out in ethanol as the dispersion medium by using azobisizobu-tyronitrile and polyvinylpyrollidone as the initiator and the stabilizer, respectively [84]. The comonomers were methyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, metha-crylic acid, acrylamide, allyltrietoxyl silane, vinyl poly-dimethylsiloxane, vinylsilacrown, and dimethylamino-... 

During mutual graft copolymerization, homopolymerization always occurs. This is one of the most important problems associated with this technique. When this technique is applied to radiation-sensitive monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyfunctional acrylates, and their esters, homopolymer is formed more rapidly than the graft. With the low-molecular weight acrylate esters, particularly ethyl acrylate, the homopolymer problem is evidenced not so much by high yields as by erratic and irreproducible grafting. 

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