Radiation nephritis

Tubular and interstitial diseases (e.g., analgesic nephropathy, drug-induced nephritis, oxalate nephropathy, radiation nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, and sarcoidosis)... 

Radiation nephritis Kidney injury and impairment of function caused by ionizing radiation. 

Interstitial fibrosis is the common pathologic finding in patients with chronic radiation nephritis. 

Morphologic studies of radiation nephropathy have documented injury to blood vessels, glomeruh, tubular epithelium and interstitium. Recent ultrastructural studies indicate that glomerular endothelium is an early site of visible injury [236] with endothehal disruption and leukocyte adherence. Later, tubular degeneration and atrophy occur. The second pathophysiologic hypothesis holds vascular injury as the main initial event [237] which helps understand the hypertension occurring in radiation nephritis but does not account for the glomerular lesions. 

Redd BL. Radiation nephritis review, case report and animal study. Roentgenol. 1960,83 88. 

Balkan nephropathy is non-destructive and noninflammatory tubulointerstitial renal disease [69]. The changes are non-specific and in the chronic, sclerotic phase they may be quite similar to changes observed in other chronic interstitial diseases such as analgesic nephropathy [70], vascular nephrosclerosis [69] cyclosporine-induced nephropathy [71], radiation nephritis [72,73] and aging [72], intoxication with silicate, cadmium, lead, uranium [74], mycotoxin ochratoxin... 

Following intravenous injection of Thorotrast in humans and animals, various malignancies were found, primarily liver cancers (latency period of 25-30 years), leukemia (latency period of 20 years), and bone cancers (latency period of about 26 years). Short-lived daughter products of thorium also resulted in the induction of bone sarcoma because of their short radioactive half-lives. Intravenous injection of thorium-228 resulted in dose-dependent induction of bone sarcoma in dogs (Lloyd et al. 1985 Mays et al. 1987 Stover 1981 Wrenn et al. 1986). At the highest administered level, the animals died from systemic radiological effects (e.g., radiation induced blood dyscrasia and nephritis) before the bone sarcoma could develop (Stover 1981 Taylor et al. 1966). A relationship was found between the amount of thorium-227 (half-life of 18.7 days) injected intraperitoneally and the incidence of bone sarcoma in mice (Luz et al. 1985 Muller et al. 1978). 

Nephrotoxicity of bisphosphonates is a known complication of this compound class, often exacerbated by diseases that compromise renal function, such as multiple myeloma, and by concomitant use of antineo-plastic agents, steroids, and radiation therapy. The first reports of tubulointerstitial damage after treatment with etidronate and clodronate appeared more than 2 decades ago [60]. Subsequently, acute tubular necrosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and granulomatous interstitial nephritis have been reported in renal biopsies from predominantly cancer patients exposed to several bisphosphonates, often at high i.v. doses. 

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