Mutatox

Toxicity in estuarine sediments—use of Mutatox and Microtox to evalu- 173 ate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of organic sediments Toxicity tests for the analysis of pore water sediment a comparison of 4 174... 

Table 6.1 Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with Microtox Basic Test and Mutatox. Reprinted with permission from the American Petroleum Institute (Huckins et al., 2002)...

Sample type Microtox toxicity ECso Mutatox genotoxicity... 

Freshly prepared blank SPMD, carried through Microtox and Mutatox test. 

Cleveland, L. Little, E.E. Petty, J.D. Johnson, B.T. Lebo, J.A. Orazio, C.E. Dionne. J. Crockett, A. 1997, Toxicological and chemical screening of Antarctica sediments Use of whole sediment toxicity tests, Microtox, Mutatox, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull 34 194-202. 

Genotoxicity may also be tested with a Mutatox test (Azur Environmental Ltd., Berkshire, England), using a dark mutant strain of bioluminescent bacterium V. fischeri [54]. DNA-damaging substances are recognized by measuring the ability of a test sample to restore the luminescent state in the bacterial cells. The authors pointed to the sensitivity of the test to chemicals that damage DNA, bind DNA, or inhibit DNA synthesis. 

Genotoxicity is one of the most important characteristics of toxic compounds in waste. For studying genotoxicity of waste, contaminated soil, sewage sludge, and sediments the conventional Ames test with Salmonella is usually used together with SOS-Chromotest and Mutatox [11,19,50-52,165-167]. 

Kwan, K.K. Dutka, B.J. Mutatox test a new test for monitoring environmental mutagenic agents. Environ. Pollut. 1990, 65, 323-332. 

The bacterial Microtox tests and the other in vitro bioassays clearly indicated differences in sediment toxicity between locations (Table 7). In the Microtox SP assay inhibitory effects were found in sediment extracts from the Port of Amsterdam transect (i.e. TU values greater than 20 at sites 7 and 11). The highest response in the Mutatox assay was found at Oranjesluis (site 11) in the Port of Amsterdam. The reference values from the Mutatox assay at this site were below... 

Site no. MSP Mutatox DR-CALUX (with clean-up dry sediment) Pore water ER-CALUX on polar fraction sediment YES on 10 X diluted sediment... 

SDI (1996). Mutatox Direct Test Protocol, Strategic Diagnostics Inc. (formerly Azur Environmental), Newark, DE. 

Eggens M., Schipper C., Vethaak A. and Klamer H., Mutatox and Microtox assays in a pollution gradient along the Dutch coastal zone. International Symposium on New Microbiotests, 1998, Brno, Czech Republic s. ... 

Photobacterium phosphoreum, biolumineseenee assay Mutatox - NT NR Elmore Fitzgerald (1990)... 

Hauser, B., Schrader, G. and Bahadir, M. (1997) Comparison of acute toxicity and genotoxic concentrations of single compounds and waste elutriates using the Microtox/Mutatox test system, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38 (3), 227-231. 

Among the two genotoxicity tests, the Mutatox is a commercial test using a bacterial strain and is no more difficult to perform than the well known Microtox test. The test on induction of micronuclei in erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis larvae developed by van Hummelen et al. (1989) requires specialized skills and training and is routinely performed only in a few laboratories. However, this test is currently being standardized by ISO (International Standardization Organisation). 

Seven bioassays a) acute bacterial test (Vibrio fischeri) b) algal test (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) c) acute crustacean test (Daphnia magna) d) acute fish test (Pimephales promelas) e) SOS chromotest (Escherichia coli PQ 3 7) f) genotoxicity Mutatox test (Vibrio fischeri mutant) g) fluctuation AMES test (Salmonella typhimurium his- TA 98, 100, 1535, 1537) Tire cmmbs 1) Unspecifiedfiltration of water extracts for the first four tests 2) Soxhlet extraction for the three last tests... 

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