Mustard plants, family

Mycorrhizae are a common type of mutualism about 90% of the families of vascular plants live in this sort of beneficial relationship with fungi. Only a few economically important plant families do not develop mycorrhizae, among them the mustards (family Brassi-caceae) and knotweeds (Polygonaceae). 

Brassicas, or cruciferous vegetables, are members of the mustard/cabbage family of plants (broccoli, broccoli sprouts, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy, turnip greens, etc.). They contain chemical compounds known as indoles, which have clearly been shown to have anticancer activity as well as antibacterial, antiulcer, and antiasthmatic qualities. 

Mustard plants belong to the Brassicaceae (Cmciferae) family, which also includes quite a number of food crops cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, rapeseed (canola), radish, horseradish, cress, and watercress. Mustard seeds used in food are collected from the following plant species ... 

Sinigrin is one of the most common mustard oil GLSs found in many cruciferous species and a few other plant families. When plant tissues are damaged, this gluco-side is hydrolyzed to release allyl thiocyanate (ATC), a volatile mustard oil (Erickson and Feeny 1974) (Fig. 4.3). Sinalbin is the predominant GLS of yellow mustard and yields mainly nonvolatile 4-hydroxybenzyl ITC responsible for the hot mouthfeel within the hydrolysis by myrosinase (Choubdar et al. 2010). Glucobrassicin and... 

Calystegines have been identified in the plant families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Moraceae and Brassicaceae and have been found in numerous edible fruits and vegetables, especially members of the Solanaceae family, such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants and sweet and chili peppers, but also in mulberries and some Brassica vegetables and spices, such as kohlrabi, Brussel sprouts and black mustard leaves. 

Mustard oil glucosides (139) are found primarily in the plant family Cruciferae and they readily undergo enzymic hydrolysis... 

Releases of thiocyanate to soil result from anthropogenic and natural sources. Anthropogenic releases occur primarily from direct application in herbicidal formulations (e.g., amitrol-T, a mixture of ammonium thiocyanate and amino-1,2,4-triazole) and from disposal as byproducts from industrial processes. Nonanthropogenic sources include damaged or decaying tissues of plants from the family Brassica (e.g., mustard, rape) (Brown and Morra 1993). Thiocyanate has been detected in soil samples collected at 2 of the 8 hazardous waste sites, and in sediment samples at 3 of the 8 hazardous waste sites where thiocyanate has been detected in some medium (HazDat 1996). The HazDat information used includes data from both NPL and other Superfund sites. 

Mustard oils, such as allylisothiocyanate, are products of the hydrolysis of mustard oil glycosides (78). Mustard oils are produced by all organs of plants belonging to the Cruciferae (mustard family) (75), and are strong inhibitors of seed germination and microbial growth. 

Turmeric. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a member of the ginger family and has traditionally been used as a spice that adds flavor and color to mustard and curry powder. It comes from India and southern Asia, where the stalk of the plant is scalded, dried, and made into a powder, tablet, capsule, ointment, cream, lotion, or tea. The best-characterized ingredient of turmeric is a substance called curcumin. Curcumin is an antioxidant that also causes certain cells in the body to release steroids such as cortisol, which help fight inflammation... 

Arabidopsis A small plant in the mustard family that is the model for studies of the plant... 

Oilseed rape species used to produce canola oil and meal are from the Brassica genus in the Cruciferae family. They were first cultivated in India almost 4000 years ago. Large-scale planting of rapeseed was first reported in Europe in the thirteenth century. The Brassica species probably evolved from the same common ancestor as wild mustard (Sinapis), radish (Raphanus), and arrugula Eruca). 

The mustard family, or Brassicaceae, contains about 3,000 species of plants. These plants occur widely on all continents except Antarctica and in a wide range of habitats from tundra and desert to forests of all types. Most species in the mustard family occur in the temperate zones, and many occur in the alpine or arctic tundra. 

The flowers of members of the Brassicaceae have four petals arranged in a cross-like pattern (the old name for this family was Cruciferae, referring to the cross of crucifixion). The flowers of mustards contain both female and male parts (i.e., they are monoecious). There are six stamens, of which four have long filaments, and two have short filaments. The seeds of plants in this family are contained in a relatively long inflated structure called a silique, or in a rounder flattened structure known as a silicle. When mature, the outer walls of the fruits fall away, leaving an inner partition to which the seeds are loosely attached. 

When the distinct petals are four in number, and arranged in the form of a cross, the corolla is called Crttciform. Example Mustard and other plants belonging to the family Cruciferse. 

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