Muscles condition

Rigor ll a muscle condition in which muscle fibers, depleted of ATP and phosphocreatine, develop a state of extreme rigidity and cannot be easily extended. (In death, this state is called rigor mortis, the rigor of death.) From what you have learned about muscle contraction, explain the state of rigor in molecular terms. 

Classic beri-beri, rarely seen in the United States and Europe, except in alcoholism (P4), is endemic in the Far East because of the prevalent diet of decorticated rice (F6). It occurs in two forms wet beri-beri, characterized by edema and cardiovascular symptoms (G6), and dry beri-beri with peripheral neuritis, paralysis, and atrophy of the muscles. Conditions which may predispose to deficiency by increasing thiamine requirements are pregnancy (see section 2.4), and lactation, hyperthyroidism, malignant disease, febrile conditions, increased muscular activity, high carbohydrate diets, and parenteral administration of glucose solutions. A constant supply of thiamine is required for optimal nutrition because storage in the liver and elsewhere is limited. Thiamine is synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract of various animals, but this is not a dependable source for man. 

Encouraging clinical reports have generated an abundance of ideas for other uses. Following are examples of overactive muscle conditions and other disorders for which treatment with botulinum toxin A has been tried (Munchau and Bhatia, 2000). 

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica). A common herb of Southeast Asia, this creeping plant has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine. Traditionally, it has been used as a diuretic, a cerebral tonic, and a treatment for leprosy as well as for inflammatory skin and muscle conditions. It is applied topically as a... 

Farouk, M.M. and Swan, J.E. 1998. Effect of muscle condition before freezing and simulated chemical changes during frozen storage on protein functionality in beef, Meat Sci., 50, 235. 

People vary in size, weight, strength, and physical condition. Physical condition includes general physical fitness, strength and conditioning of muscles, condition of joints, and other factors. Back muscles reacting to a lifted load compress the vertebrae of the spine. The intervertebral tissues have limits. Some studies have estimated the compressive load limits of spinal elements, but the capacity for an individual and particular spinal locations will vary. It is difficult to predict where and under what conditions an individual will experience pain, strain a muscle or experience some other form of injury. 

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is one of the most currently used therapies because it can improve the muscle condition. Low-flow frequencies are applied up to 150 impulses per second and used to reinforce different muscle groups. The muscles are stimulated and activated by short electric impulses so a muscle contraction is realized in the targeted muscle. Treatment goals have to be established at the beginning of the treatment and there are three of them are the muscles moderately or strongly weakened, is there a moderate or bad muscle condition, or is a reduction of a spasticity demanded. 

Laberge L, Gagnon C, Jean S, et al. Fatigue and daytime sleepiness rating scales in myotonic dystrophy a study of reliability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 1403-1405. Shahrizaila N, Kinnear WJM, Wills AJ. Respiratory involvement in inherited primary muscle conditions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006 2006(77) 1108-1115. 

Komi PV, Buskirk ER. Effect of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human muscle. Ergonomics lS 72 15 417-434. 

Description of Method. Creatine is an organic acid found in muscle tissue that supplies energy for muscle contractions. One of its metabolic products is creatinine, which is excreted in urine. Because the concentration of creatinine in urine and serum is an important indication of renal function, rapid methods for its analysis are clinically important. In this method the rate of reaction between creatinine and picrate in an alkaline medium is used to determine the concentration of creatinine in urine. Under the conditions of the analysis, the reaction is first-order in picrate, creatinine, and hydroxide. 

Ca " concentration, termed hypocalcemia, excitabihty increases. If this condition is not corrected, the symptoms of tetany, ie, muscular spasm, tremor, and even convulsions, can appear. Too great an increase in Ca " concentration, hypercalcemia, may impair muscle function to such an extent that respiratory or cardiac failure may occur. 

Asthma is an extremely complex condition characterized by variable and reversible airways obstmction combiaed with nonspecific bronchial hypersensitivity (1 3). The cause of asthma, which is not always readily diagnosed (4), remains unknown. Days, if not weeks, ate needed to document the spontaneous reversal of the airways obstmction ia some patients. Asthmatics experience both an immediate hypersensitivity response and a delayed late-phase reaction, each mediated by a different pathway. Chronic asthma has come to be viewed as an inflammatory disease (5). The late-phase reaction plays a key role ia iaduciag and maintaining the inflammatory state which ia turn is thought to iaduce the bronchial hyperresponsiveness (6). The airways obstmction results from both contraction of airways smooth muscle and excessive bronchial edema. Edema, a characteristic of inflammatory states, is accompanied, ia this case, by the formation of a viscous mucus which can completely block the small airways. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

The most significant occupational exposures to zinc would occur during the smelting and refining of zinc ore. The standards for occupational exposure have been estabUshed at a level to prevent the onset of metal fume fever. This temporary condition is caused by excessive exposure to freshly formed fumes of zinc oxide and results in flulike symptoms of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, nausea and vomiting. 

About 50% of copper in food is absorbed, usually under equitibrium conditions, and stored in the tiver and muscles. Excretion is mainly via the bile, and only a few percent of the absorbed amount is found in urine. The excretion of copper from the human body is influenced by molybdenum. A low molybdenum concentration in the diet causes a low excretion of copper, and a high intake results in a considerable increase in copper excretion (68). This copper—molybdenum relationship appears to correlate with copper deficiency symptoms in cattle. It has been suggested that, at the pH of the intestine, copper and molybdate ions react to form biologically unavailable copper molybdate (69). 

What has become an even greater concern in recent years is the phenomenon known as multiple chemical sensitivity disorder triggered by exposures to many chemicals in the environment. Synthetic chemicals are all around us. They are in the products we use, in the clothes we wear, in the food we eat, in the air we breathe at work. Because chemicals are everywhere in the environment, it is not possible to escape exposure. For this reason many people have become sensitized to the chemicals around them. In fact, it is estimated that 15% of the population has become sensitized to common household and commercial products. For some people the sensitization is not too serious a problem. They may have what appears to be a minor allergy to one or more chemicals. Other people are much more seriously affected. They may feel tired all the time, and suffer from mental confusion, breathing problems, sore muscles, and a weakened immune system. Such people suffer from a condition known as Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS). 

The alkaloid is principally used in medicine to cause dilatation of the pupil of the eye (mydriasis), due to paralysis of the circular muscle of the ns. The accommodation is also paralysed as a result of action on the ciliary muscle (cycloplegia). Atropine is also used in conditions where... 

These, and related, iron nitrosyl compounds have excited considerable interest because of their biological activity.Nitroprusside induces muscle relaxation and is therefore used to control high blood pressure. Roussin s black salt has antibacterial activity under conditions relevant to... 

The relative inaccessibility of physostigmine led to molecular dissection studies to define the parts of the molecule necessary for activity. A surprisingly simple derivative of m-hydroxy-aniline, neostigmine (40), proved to have the same activity as the complex heterocyclic molecule. In addition, this drug has found use as a cholinsterase inhibitor in pathologic conditions such as myasthenia gravis, marked by insufficient muscle tone. Reaction of m-dimethylaminophenol (37) witn pnosgene affords tne... 

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