Trout muscle

New York, whole Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush Muscle ... 

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Kidney, liver Muscle... 

Brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, muscle 162 FW 9... 

Immatures held in 107.0 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD for6 h Some deaths beginning at day 78 pe. At day 136 pe, survivors had reduced growth and enlarged livers tissue residues, in ng/kg FW, were 650 in whole trout, 260 in muscle, 3710 in liver, and 3800 in fat 7... 

Brown trout, Salmo trutta Catalonia, Spain isolated mountain lakes summers 1989, 1990 muscle ... 

Janz, D.M., T.L. Metcalfe, C.D. Metcalfe, and G.D. Haffner. 1992. Relative concentrations of cytochrome P450-active organochlorine compounds in liver and muscle of rainbow trout from Lake Ontario. Jour. Great Lakes Res. 18 759-765. 

Sediments and biota collected from the Hersey River, Michigan, in 1978, were heavily contaminated with phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene when compared to a control site. Elevated PAH concentrations were recorded in sediments, whole insect larvae, crayfish muscle, and flesh of lampreys (family Petromyzontidae), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and white suckers (Catostomus commersoni), in that general order (Black et al. 1981). The polluted collection locale was the former site of a creosote wood preservation facility between 1902 and 1949, and, at the time of the study, received Reed City wastewater treatment plant effluent, described as an oily material with a naphthalene-like odor (Black et al. 1981). In San Francisco Bay, elevated PAH concentrations in fish livers reflected elevated sediment PAH concentrations (Stehr et al. 1997). In Chesapeake Bay, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) collected from a PAH-contaminated tributary (up to 96 mg PAHs/kg DW sediment) had elevated cytochrome P-450 and EROD activity in liver and intestine microsomes (Van Veld et al. 1990). Intestinal P-450 activity was 80 to 100 times higher in fish from highly contaminated sites than in conspecifics from reference sites intestinal EROD activity had a similar trend. Liver P-450 and EROD activity was about 8 times higher in spot from the contaminated sites when compared to the reference sites. Liver P-450 activity correlated positively with sediment PAH, but intestinal P-450 activity seemed to reflect dietary exposure (Van Veld et al. 1990). The poor correlation between hepatic concentrations of PAHs and P-4501A is attributed to the rapid metabolism of these compounds (van der Weiden et al. 1994). 

Histologic and skeletal abnormalities in all BaP-exposed groups depressed mitotic rates in retina and brain in groups exposed to 0.08 pg/L and higher muscle necrosis in all groups exposed to 0.2 pg/L and higher microphthalmia was observed in 17% of BaP-treated trout No DNA adducts detected in liver... 

After the Chernobyl accident, radiocesium isotopes were also elevated in trees and lichens bordering an alpine lake in Scandinavia and in lake sediments, invertebrates, and fishes (Table 32.18). Radiocesium levels in muscle of resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) remained elevated for at least 2 years (Brittain etal. 1991). People consuming food near this alpine lake derived about 90% of their effective dose equivalent from the consumption of freshwater fish, reindeer meat, and milk. The average effective dose equivalent of this group during the next 50 years is estimated at 6 to 9 mSv with a changed diet and 8 to 12 mSv without any dietary changes (Brittain et al. 1991). 

Aquatic organisms July-August 1986 Cladoceran, Bosmina longispina, whole Amphipod, Gammarus lacustris, whole Mayfly, Siphlonurus lacustris, whole Stonefly, 2 spp., whole Minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus, whole Brown trout, Salmo trutta Muscle... 

Pedersen and Lindholst [41] used microwave-assisted solvent extraction followed by SPE to determine octylphenol in liver and muscle of Rainbow trout. 

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined in fish samples collected in the field as well as in experimentally exposed fish in a survey conducted in the UK [12]. The experimental BCF of NP was between 90 and 125, suggesting a moderate accumulation in rainbow trout muscle. Environmental BCF values for NP in fish muscle (for gudgeon, roach and chub) were between 10 and 50. For A9PEOi+2, a maximum BCF of475 in chub liver was determined. A series of North Sea fish samples taken offshore contained no detectable APEO metabolites in liver or muscle tissue. 

Surfactants elimination via bile is faster in fed than in unfed fish [12,40], due to the higher secretion of bile into the digestive tract when fed. The fastest and slowest surfactants excreted were the linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (C12) and the alkyl sulphates (especially the C12-15) [12], respectively. Depuration of NP is quite rapid, 1.8-20 days in fathead minnows [32] and 4 days in the Atlantic salmon [41]. Within the same organism, differences in tissues were observed, with values of 20 h for adipose tissue and 18.5 h for muscle of rainbow trout [24]. The elimination rate of non-ionic surfactants is directly proportional to the ethoxylate unit number and inversely proportional to the alkyl chain length [33]. Average elimination rates (k2) of NPE02.8 and NP in clams were 1.8 and 1.4 per day, respectively [21], and decreasing k2 values from 0.19 to 0.001 per day were obtained from butylphenol to dodecylphenol in salmon [42]. 

Fig. 3.20. HPLC-vis chromatograms, (a) Mixed standard 10 pg/kg equivalent (b) blank trout muscle extract, and (c) trout muscle spiked at /rg/kg. Peak heights in mV. Detection wavelength 618 nm. Peak identification MG = malachite green CV = crystal violet LMG = leucomalachit green LCV = leucocrystal violet. Reprinted with permission from J. A. Tarbin et al. [101].

J.A. Tarbin, K.A. Barnes, J. Bygravem and W.H.H. Farrington, Screening and confirmation of triphenylmethane dyes and their leuco metabolites in trout muscle using HPLC-vis and ESP-LC-MS. Analyst, 123 (1998) 2567-2571. 

Figure 1. Tissue level of, 4C in rainbow trout during exposure to, 4C-naphthalene (0.005 mg/L in water) and subsequent elimination. Data are the averages of values from five trout except for the 8-hr values which represent 10 trout (0), fat (A), whole fish liver ( ), gill (O), muscle ([J), blood and ( ), expo-...

Table IV. Fraction of muscle from rainbow trout exposed to C-naphthalene or C-2-methylnaphthalene present as polar compounds... 

Although the metabolism of several phthalate esters has been studied in vitro, essentially all of the in vivo studies have involved DEHP. A summary of these experiments which involved exposure offish to aqueous - C-DEHP is presented in Table IV (11,12). Tissue C was isolated and separated into parent and the various metabolites by preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel. Metabolites were hydrolyzed where appropriate and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In whole catfish, whole fathead minnow and trout muscle, the major metabolite was the monoester while in trout bile the major metabolite was the monoester glucuronide. The fact that in all cases the major metabolite was monoester or monoester glucuronide despite the differences in species, exposure level and duration, etc. represented by these data, suggests that hydrolysis of DEHP to monoester is important in the biotransformation of DEHP by fish. 

In Vivo exposure of trout to piperonyl butoxide also affected the disposition and metabolism of l C-DEHP. The results in Table IX show that piperonyl butoxide reduced biliary but increased ll+C in muscle and blood. Because the bile contains mostly DEHP metabolites, this represents decreased metabolism. 

When the from muscle was examined by TLC, it was found that control muscle contained about equal amounts of DEHP and monoester. Muscle from piperonyl butoxide-treated trout contained about the same amount of MEHP as controls, but 3 times the amount of DEHP. 

In fingerling rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri), values of E71, 2.01, and 2.38 were reported for muscle, liver, and bile, respectively, after an 8-h exposure after a 35-d exposure, values of L95, 2.59, and 3.15 were reported for muscle, liver, and bile, respectively (Melancon and Lech, 1980)... 

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