Muscle cramps treatment

Treatment Nonpharmacologic treatments of muscle cramping that occurs during hemodialysis include decreasing the ultrafiltration rate and accurately determining the dry weight. Pharmacologic measures include vitamin E, which is administered at doses of 400 IU daily. Other options that are not as well studied include oxazepam and prazosin. 

Severe muscle cramps in extremities owing to the electrolyte imbalance caused by the fluid loss. These cramps should resolve with treatment. 

Lenalidomide is an immunomodulating agent related to thalidomide that was recently approved for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Lenalidomide lacks the common side effects of thalidomide, such as constipation and peripheral neuropathy. Interim analyses of two phase III trials show that lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone produces higher response rates than dexamethasone alone in relapsed and refractory myeloma. Adverse effects of lenalidomide include diarrhea, nausea, muscle cramps, hematologic side effects and deep vein thrombosis.42... 

GI irritants are the most common toxins in Boletes, particularly in red-spored and yellow-spored species. Muscarine is present in a few species, but too low to be significant. Symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In more severe cases there may be muscle cramps and circulatory disturbance. Treatment is largely symptomatic, and recovery is usually complete one to two days after ingestion. 

Calcium chloride and gluconate - A6 unct /e therapy in the treatment of insect bites or stings, such as Black Widow spider bites to relieve muscle cramping sensitivity reactions, particularly when characterized by urticaria depression due to overdosage of magnesium sulfate acute symptoms of lead colic rickets osteomalacia. 

Patients who present with heat exhaustion require fluid resuscitation. An attempt should be made to assess the amount of salt depletion and dehydration. This may be difficult clinically although the presence of symptoms such as muscle cramps in sodium depletion, and signs such as loss of tissue turgor may help. Laboratory measurement of sodium, urea, creatinine and haematocrit are the best guide. Pre-renal renal impairment is common. Treatment usually requires 5-10 1 of oral or intravenous isotonic fluids in the first 24 hours. In severe hyponatraemia the rapid correction of sodium should be carefully monitored with frequent sodium measurements and a reduction in fluid infusion rate if necessary to reduce the risk of osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinol-ysis). 

Adverse effects are usually due to excessive doses (which may occur if the initial increase in metabolism is too rapid) and correspond to symptoms of hyperthyroidism, but they usually disappear after dose reduction or withdrawal of treatment. The most common adverse effects affect the following system as Heart arrhythmias, anginal pain, Central nervous system headache, hyperactivity, sweating, tremor, heat intolerance, Gastrointestinal tract diarrhoea, excessive weight loss, vomiting, Musculoskeletal system muscle cramps, muscle weakness. 

Aside from its use as an antimalarial compound, quinine is used for the prevention and treatment of nocturnal leg muscle cramps, especially those resulting from arthritis, diabetes, thrombophlebitis, arteriosclerosis, and varicose veins. 

It is used in the treatment of cerebral falciparum malaria and multidrug resistant strains of cerebral malaria. It is also used along with clindamycin in the treatment of babesiosis. It is also effective in myotonia congenita and nocturnal muscle cramps. 

The main features of hypocalcemia are neuromuscular—tetany, paresthesias, laryngospasm, muscle cramps, and convulsions. The major causes of hypocalcemia in the adult are hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, and malabsorption. Neonatal hypocalcemia is a common disorder that usually resolves without therapy. The roles of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin in the neonatal syndrome are under active investigation. Large infusions of citrated blood can produce hypocalcemia by the formation of citrate-calcium complexes. Calcium and vitamin D (or its metabolites) form the mainstay of treatment of hypocalcemia. 

Baccharis trinervis Baccharis trinervis is used by the Huastec in the treatment of high fever, edema, sores, and muscle cramps. It is also applied in the case of dizziness and lack of blood. The Huastec regard it as effective if one feels sleepy and if there is insufficient milk production. In Veracruz, a preparation made from the leaves is used for the treatment of typhoid fever. 

Common presenting features are muscular hyperactivity, hyperthermia, metabohc derangements, and rhabdomyo-lysis when baclofen therapy is abruptly discontinued, and several deaths have occurred (19). Qinicians should be suspicious of baclofen withdrawal if patients taking baclofen present with fever, muscle cramps, and hjrpotension. A case of brain death due to baclofen withdrawal with severe hypotension and hyperthermia up to 43 C has underscored the need for immediate and aggressive treatment (20). 

Metrifonate, which is given orally, is effective in Schistosoma hematobium infections in three doses of 7.5-10 mg/kg 14 days apart. When metrifonate was used in daily doses, as in the treatment of Onchocerca volvulus infections, it produced muscarinic effects, and in one case there was proximal weakness due to a nicotinic effect. The combination of polyarthritis, fever, and a raised sedimentation rate was described in 11 of 34 patients treated. Metrifonate inhibits blood cholinesterase activity for up to 48 hours, and common reactions that probably result from this effect comprise nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, headache, and muscle cramps. Because of its prolonged inhibition of brain cholinesterase and increased steady-state concentrations of acetylcholine in the cortex and the hippocampus, it is now also increasingly used in the treatment of Alzheimer s disease. 

Severe muscle cramps in the legs and hands can occur during nifedipine treatment (39). 

Keidar S, Binenboim C, Palant A. Muscle cramps during treatment with nifedipine. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1982 285(6350) 1241-2. 

Prolonged treatment appears safe, common side effects, mainly cholinergic, include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, nightmares. 

Skeletal muscle cramps complicate 5% to 20% of hemodialysis treatments. Although the pathogenesis of cramps is multifactorial, plasma volume contraction and decreased muscle perfusion caused by excessive ultrafiltration is frequently the initiating event. Although there are no comparative data regarding the efficacy of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy, the former should be the first line of treatment because the adverse consequences are minimal (Table 45-5). 

Chang CT, Wu CH, Yang CW, et al. Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 17 1978-1981. 

Side effects of systemic CsA may include oral ulceration and gingivitis, hypertrichosis, malaise, headaches, muscle cramps, and gastrointestinal disturbance. Serious side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hypertension may be treatment-limiting (32). Prolonged use of cyclosporine and, thus, good patient compliance with the treatment is required in order to adequately control intraocular inflammation. 

Another use for mannitol and urea is in the treatment of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Too rapid removal of solutes from the extracellular fluid by hemo- or peritoneal dialysis reduces the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. Consequently, water moves from the extracellular compartment into the intracellular compartment, causing hypotension and CNS symptoms (i.e., headache, nausea, muscle cramps, restlessness, CNS depression, and convulsions). Osmotic diuretics increase the osmolality of the extracellular fluid compartment and thereby shift water back into the extracellular compartment. 

Quinine is an optical isomer of quinidine. Quinine was once widely used for treatment of malaria and is still occasionally used for chloroquine-resistant cases, but it is now prescribed primarily for the treatment of nocturnal muscle cramps. Quinine is found in tonic water and has been used to cut street herein. It has also been used as an abort facient. 

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