Murine skin

Kripke, M. L., Antigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by UV light, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 1333-1336, 1974. 

Yarosh, D. et al., Localization of liposomes containing a DNA repair enzyme in murine skin, J. Invest. Dermatol. 103, 461-468, 1994. 

Vink, A. A. et al., The inhibition of antigen-presenting activity of dendritic cells resulting from UV irradiation of murine skin is restored by in vitro photorepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 94, 5255-5260, 1997. 

Although ciclosporin and tacrolimus applied systemically improve psoriatic lesions, they are clearly less active when applied topically. Therefore, liposomal preparations have been developed. Indeed, ciclosporin penetrates deeper strata of rodent and human cadaver skin more efficiently when incorporated into liposomes [51], Moreover, tacrolimus concentrations in murine skin have increased ninefold, and skin graft survival prolonged, if the drug is liposome encapsulated [52]. This indicates that topical psoriasis therapy with tacrolimus may become possible. At present, topical tacrolimus is confined to the less recalcitrant forms of mild eczema. 

Liposome-encapsulated tretinoin has been tested in hairless mice as well as in man. The animal experiment has demonstrated the favorable uptake of the retinoid, whereas the liposomal lipids appear to be more retained in the homy layer [53], Moreover, with phospholipid-based liposomes belonging to the gel-state type, tretinoin penetration in murine skin appears to be confined to the epidermis [54] and, thus, is close to prednicarbate penetration described above. In patients with acne vulgaris, we could demonstrate a better tolerability of liposomal tretinoin as compared to a commercial gel while efficiency remains the same [55],... 

When investigating the effects of water on transdermal permeation, animal skin may yield results markedly different to human data. For example, hairless mouse skin is unsuitable for modeling human stratum corneum regarding hydration effects the murine skin, when hydrated for 24 h, became grossly more permeable than human skin membranes [8]. Thus water effects on skin permeability obtained using animal models need cautious assessment. 

An early study confirmed that occlusion is detrimental to transfersome penetration enhancement ability. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that, under the occlusive conditions, murine skin permeation of fluorescently labeled lipids from transfersomal suspensions and liposomes is comparable [67]. Furthermore, Guo et al. reported that the vesicles failed to transfer detectable quantities of cyclosporin A through the hydrated abdominal mice skin [71],... 

Stoitzner, P., et al. 2003. Visualization and characterization of migratory Langerhans cells in murine skin and lymph nodes by antibodies against Langerin/CD207. J Invest Dermatol 120 266. 

Most P, Remppis A, Weber C, Bernotat J, Ehlermann P, Pleger ST, Kirsch W, Weber M, Uttenweiler D, Smith GL, Katus HA, Fink RH. 2003c. The C terminus (amino acids 75-94) and the linker region (amino acids 42-54) of the Ca2+-binding protein S100A1 differentially enhance sarcoplasmic Ca2+ release in murine skinned skeletal muscle fibers. J Biol Chem 278(29) 26356-26364. 

Puhvel SM, Sakamoto M. 1988. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on murine skin. J Invest Dermatol 90 354-358. 

Denda, M., Tsuchiya, T., Hosoi, J., and Koyama, J. (1998) Immobilization-induced and crowded environment-induced stress delay barrier recovery in murine skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 138 780-785. 

Mao-Qiang, M., Feingold, K.R., and Elias, P.M. Exogenous lipids influence permeability barrier recovery in acetone treated murine skin. Arch. Dermatol. 129, 728-738 (1993). 

Recently, a protein named hornerinhas been identified in mouse skin.60,61 Based on its amino acid sequence and distribution in skin it has been proposed to fulfill a similar role to profilaggrin/filaggrin in murine skin. The conditions under which it is expressed remain to be determined but it is tempting to... 

Traber, M.G. etal., Penetration and distribution of alpha-tocopherol, alpha- or gamma-tocotrienols applied individually onto murine skin, Lipids, 33, 87, 1998. 

Ruggeri, B., DiRado, M., Zhang, S. Y, Bauer, B., Goodrow, T, and Klein-Szanto, A. J. (1993). Benzofa] pyrene-induced murine skin tumors exhibit frequent and characteristic G to T mutations in flie p53 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 1013-1017. 

Bellnier DA, Dougherty. Protection of murine skin and transplantable tumor against Photofrinll mediated photodynamic sensitization with WR-2721. J Photochem Photobiol 1989 49 369-72. 

Yim, C. Y., Bastian, N. R., Smith, J. C., Hibbs, J. B., Jr., and Samlowski, W. E. (1993). Macrophage nitric oxide synthesis delays progression of ultraviolet light-induced murine skin cancers. Cancer Res. 53, 5507-5511. 

Kawachi, Y. Nakauchi, H. Otsuka, R Isolation of a cDNA encoding a tyrosine kinase expressed in murine skin. Exp. Dermatol., 6, 140-146 (1997)... 

Figure 14.6 (a) Schematic of the reaction between the serine protease CIpP with its nucleophilic active site residue serine 98 and D3. (b) The fluorescence scan of an in situ ABPP experiment shows CIpP to be the main protein target of probe D3 in S. aureus cells. (Reprinted with permission from [15]. Copyright (2008) American Chemical Society.) (c) CIpX and CIpP are required for virulence in a murine skin abscess model. BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 10 cells of S. aureus 8325-4 wild type or CIpP mutant (solid... 

The exact mechanism of action of moisturizers and emollients is still unknown. Theoretically, the improvement in the barrier function could be due to absorption of the moisturizer into the delipidized stratum corneum, acting as an effective barrier, as suggested in a study on the effect of petrolatum (Ghadially et al. 1992). Due to a better knowledge of the structural organization of the horny layer with corneocytes embedded in between lipid bilayers (ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids in approximately equal quantities), new emollients could be developed to supply the missing elements in the bilayer structure after acute or chronic irritant contact. However, applications of ceramides, linoleic acid and a variety of other fatty acids alone have been reported to actually delay barrier recovery in acetone-treated murine skin, despite the fact that these lipids are required for barrier homeostasis. The only treatments that allowed normal barrier recovery were applications of complete mixtures of ceramide, fatty acid and cholesterol, or pure cholesterol (Man et al. 

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