Multiscale technology

Once this management infrastructure and associated funding were in place at various DOE institutions, different academic research projects were started, initiating various satellite networks of multiscale modeling research. This technological transfer also started in other labs within the Department of Defense and industrial research communities. 

To achieve these new developments the approach cover a large domain of technical disciplines and also a multiscale approach in time and length. This new complexity require to increase the relative weight of modeling and scientific calculation in the process development. For exemple, CFD calculation is currently used for the development of reactor technologies and reactor internal, but most of the time it is difficult to couple hydrodynamic modelisation and reaction modelisation. A lot of improvement are expected by coupling these two approaches. 

The modeling tools have to be used in all the steps of process development taking into account a multiscale approach and without forgetting the measurement technologies needed for model validation. 

The range of possible applications of multiscale simulations methods to electrochemical systems is extensive. Electrochemical phenomena control the existence and movement of charged species in the bulk, and across interfaces between ionic, electronic, semiconductor, photonic and dielectric materials. The existing technology base of the electrochemical field is massive and of long-standing [15, 16]. The pervasive occurrence of these phenomena in technological devices and processes, and in natural systems, includes ... 

The expected future impact of multiscale simulation in the semiconductor industry is suggested by some of the issues associated with the most difficult challenges in modeling and simulation, as stated in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (Table 121 of [38]) ... 

While the first two issues highlighted in the previous paragraph are clearly associated with multiscale simulation, the second two are associated with nanotechnology and nanoelectronics, which are widely perceived as the future of the semiconductor industry. The relationship between multiscale simulation and nanoscale science and technology, however, depends on one s perspective as there are different definitions of the word nanotechnology ... 

For the rest of the chapter, we present a more specific survey treatment of tools, technologies, and best practices for undertaking P2 by adopting a multiscale analysis of categorizing these tools into macro-, meso-, and microscale. ... 

Mesoscale simulation methods will also be discussed further in Section 19.C, in the broader contexts of multiscale modeling and of predicting the morphologies of multiphase polymeric systems. Many additional examples will be given in that discussion of their utilization in addressing technologically important problems. 

This ink allows the controlled alignment of multiscale, high aspect ratio fiber reinforcement to create hierarchical structures similar to balsa wood. The 3D printing technology offers a flexibility in achieving controlled composition, geometric shape, function, and complexity. 

Transport phenomena on the microscale have gained particular importance due to an increasing demand for more efficient and sustainable processes. Especially the bridge between nano- and micro technologies requires a deep understanding of multiscale coherences. Advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic technologies have been paralleled by advances in methods for direct optical measurement of transport phenomena on these scales. A variety of methods for microscale flow visualization have appeared and evolved since the late 1990s. These methods and their applications to date are reviewed here in detail, and in the context of the fundamental phenomena that they exploit and the fundamental phenomena that they are applied to measure. 

Microreaction technology is no longer solely of academic interest. It should also become an effective tool for process intensification for the chemical industry. That is why numerous companies have taken the opportunity to carry out some research work in this field [5]. Some of them are even subsidized by research projects such as DEMIS (Demonstration Project to Evaluate Microreaction Technology for Industrial Systems) [6] and IMPULSE (Integrated Multiscale Process Units with Locally Structured Elements) [7]. 

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