Representative objects

The results of the design review should be documented in a report rather than minutes of a meeting, as it represents objective evidence that may be required later to determine product compliance with requirements, investigate design problems, and compare similar designs. The report should have the agreement of the full review team and should include ... 

However, large errors can arise when the regression is attempted in improper coordinates, or, what is equivalent, if a line is drawn approximately through a given set of points. Unobjectionable statistical means are now available (Section IV.) to decide whether the relationship holds and to obtain the value of j3. The purpose of various graphs is only to represent objectively the results obtained. 

Statements of this sort represent objective knowledge, which comprises facts that are known to be true, together with generally accepted material, such as definitions and equations. Much scientific knowledge, including mathematical formulae and the values of fundamental constants, is clear-cut and unambiguous and, therefore, falls into this category. 

Fig. 12.12. Summary of metallicities of representative objects at redshifts around 2.5. After Pettini (2006). Courtesy Max Pettini.

The objects and their attributes are common to all implementations even though the specific representation mechanisms may differ. Even within a specific implementation technology, such as Java, there are many different ways to represent objects and their attributes. For those times when the implementation is as yet unknown or is irrelevant to the level of modeling at hand, we need a way to describe our objects and attributes independent of implementation. 

Input parameters represent object references that are provided by the caller return values represent object references returned to the caller to deal with as needed. Although out parameters can be broadly considered similar to return values, the details are somewhat different. The postcondition of the operation will determine the value of the out parameter and its attributes however, the client will call this operation with these out parameters bound to an attribute selected by the client. 

In a joint action, some of the parameters may be distinguished as participants and drawn linked to the use case pictorially, whereas other parameters are written in text style. For example, in Figure 4.5, buyer and vendor are participants, whereas item is a parameter. In business analysis, the difference is a matter of convenience and is analogous to the equivalence of the associations and attributes of object types. In a software design, the participants can be used to represent objects that we know will definitely exist in the final code and that will, between them, take responsibility for executing the action. The list of parameters, on the other hand, represents information transferred between them whose implementation is yet to be determined. 

Use proxies outside the component to represent objects stored more completely within it. Create proxies only when they re needed. For example, the library looks up a member by name and gets back a reference handle from the membership manager, which you wrap in a Member object created for the purpose. Further operations on the Member are dealt with by that object, which sends changes of address through the API it can be garbage-collected when we process another member. 

An important application of PCA is classification and pattern recognition. This particular application of PCA is described in detail in Chapter 9. The fundamental idea behind this approach is that data vectors representing objects in a high-dimensional space can be efficiently projected into a low-dimensional space by PCA and viewed graphically as scatter plots of PC scores. Objects that are similar to each other will tend to cluster in the score plots, whereas objects that are dissimilar will tend to be far apart. By efficient, we mean the PCA model must capture a large fraction of the variance in the data set, say 70% or more, in the first few principal components. 

In addition to the method of steepest ascent and descent, many other strategies for exploring response surfaces which represent objective functions have been proposed. Many of these are based on making group experiments or calculations in such a way that the results allow a planned search of the surface to approach quickly a unimodal optimum point. 

These activities represent objectives to be achieved and several steps may be in progress simultaneously. 

Everyone puts on the hrst hat, depending on the order you ve chosen. In our example, the team assumes the white hat, which represents objectivity. Participants must stick to factual information, including making notes of any additional information needed to evaluate the proposed idea. Key questions for the group to consider include ... 

Since the days of earliest man there has been a desire to represent objects and concepts in a graphical manner. Cave drawings, idols, and statues have all been used by the most primitive and the most sophisticated... 

Because of the intuitive character of reference points, it is advisable to use the achievement scalarizing function even when it is not possible to use an interactive approach. This means that the DM expresses his/her hopes in the form of a reference point and the solution of (6.4) is then shown to him/her. In this way, a reference point based approach can be used as an a priori method. It is also possible to use reservation levels representing objective values that should be achieved (besides aspiration levels). For further details, see Wierzbicki et al. (2000). 

Notwithstanding the rhetoric about a rational approach, —to which Best, at least, was sincerely committed—the MCA in practice sacrificed consistency to the goal of avoiding government control. It sometimes opposed standards for being insufficiently specific on other occasions it criticized proposed rules for singling out specific chemicals. When a committee of the Air Pollution and Smoke Prevention Association of America proposed national standards for air pollution, industry representatives objected that... 

A two-way array or data matrix usually has rows representing objects and columns representing variables. This array has I x J entries, e.g. I objects and J variables measured on each object. 

SPACE IN MOLECULAR REPRESENTATION OR HOW PICTURES REPRESENT OBJECTS... 

Pictures represent objects in a way, many think, which is not entirely by convention. Interestingly, the properties in virtue of which pictures represent objects is a matter on which there is little agreement. On some accounts, a picture and what it is a picture of have no properties in common (e.g., Eco 1976). On others, it is unclear whether they have any properties in common, and if they do it is unclear whether it is in virtue of these common properties that the representation is a picture (e g., Goodman 1976). 

The composites in art discussed so far are fictional with respect to the spatial relations between the different objects represented or between the different parts of a scene. Cubist figures, such as Picasso s, that show human forms as if from multiple perspectives, are fictional in another respect. They show single objects in a way that incorporates the different outlines each object would have from a variety of different vantage points. The resulting, represented, object can be seen as an object existing in a strange, fictional, space or, alternatively, as an object seen by a fictional creature, from more than one perspective at once. 

In cases in which what is represented are objects that have never existed, such as winged humans, not only just the spaces, but also the objects represented, are fictional. Pictures that show composite spaces or objects, or completely fictional ones, might seem to pose a problem for an account on which pictures represent objects by representing their geometries. That is, if no existing object or space is represented then there may, in fact, be no geometry that is represented either, and so no geometry that can be shared with its picture. 

Pictorial sketching is the process of graphically representing objects in three-dimensional form. 

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