Mouth and pharynx

Other parts of the body are also vulnerable the skin and eyes from direct contact/mbbing or from exposure to airborne material including splashes the mouth and pharynx by ingestion of solid or liquid chemicals. 

Mouth and pharynx consistent convincing fruit weakly cousistent vegetables incousistent... 

Healthy aging includes a good nutritional status. To reach this, both the food contents and the ability to consume food in a proper way, are essential. With passing age, both the quality of the saliva and the mucous membranes deteriorates and swallowing often becomes more difficult. To chew and swallow properly is not always easy for an elderly individual due to dry mucous membranes in the mouth and pharynx, as well as malfunctioning dental prosthesis or no teeth at all. This problem is very common in old age (Turner and Ship 2007). 

In fish, both taste and olfactory stimuli are waterborne. However, taste involves the seventh, ninth or tenth cranial nerves, in contrast to the first cranial nerve for smell. Elasmobranchs have their taste buds in the mouth and pharynx, but in bony fish they occur around the gills, on barbels and pectoral fins, and also scattered over the rest of the body surface. They crowd particularly in the roof of the mouth, forming the palatal organ. The taste receptor cells are arranged as a bundle to form a taste bud. Like other vertebrates, fish have receptors for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. For instance, goldfish reject quinine-treated food pellets (Jobling, 1995). Many fish species are particularly sensitive to acidic taste characteristics. The responses of fish to amino acids will be discussed in Chapter 12. 

The flagellate leishmania is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Three principal diseases result from infection with Leishmania spp. L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) L. tropica and L. major produce cutaneous leishmaniasis, and L. braziliensis causes South American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In visceral leishmaniasis, the protozoan parasitizes the reticuloendothelial cells, and this results in an enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen the spleen can become massive. Cutaneous leishmaniasis remains localized to the site of inoculation, where it forms a raised disfiguring ulcerative lesion. South American leishmaniasis is variable in its presentation. It is characterized by ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and pharynx some disfiguring skin involvement also is possible. 

In case of mouth and pharynx, the drug is used in the form of throat paints, lozenges, gargles or mouth washes. 

Echinacea is a widely available over-the-counter botanical remedy used for the treatment of the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, flu, and inflammation of the mouth and pharynx (141-144). It is one of the more popular botanical remedies with a sales ranking of 5 and sales of US 70 million (4). About 10% to 20% of the adult and child botanical users consume echinacea routinely (145-149). Three species of echinacea Echinacea purpurea, E. angustinfolia, and E. pallida) have been used medicinally (141). However, only the aboveground parts of E. purpura and the root of E. pallida have been approved for oral administration by the German E Commission (7). 

Marshmallow has demulcent, expectorant, emollient, diuretic, antilithic, and vulnerary properties. Traditionally, it has been used internally for the treatment of respiratory catarrh and cough, peptic ulceration, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, enteritis, cystitis, urethritis and urinary calculus, and topically for abscesses, boils, and varicose and thrombotic ulcers. 

Chlorophenoxy compounds are absorbed across the gut wall, skin and lungs. Excretion times are relatively short (hours to days) primarily via the urine. They are not appreciably stored in body fat. When fed in large doses to experimental animals, 2,4-D caused vomiting, diarrhea, ulcerations of mouth and pharynx, anorexia, loss of weight, and injury to the kidneys, liver and CNS. Some species developed myotonia of the hind extremities, attributed to the demyelination observed in the dorsal column of the cord. EEQ changes indicating disturbance of brain function were also observed at high dose. 

Smoking involves converting the nonvolatile HCl into the volatile free base or crack (by extracting the HCl with alkali) for use it is vaporised by heat (it pops or cracks) in a special glass pipe or mixed with tobacco in a cigarette. Inhalation with breath-holding allows pulmonary absorption that is about as rapid as an i.v. injection. It induces an intense euphoric state. The mouth and pharynx become anaesthetised. 

The vascular system and blood supply to the oral mucosa have been clearly described by Stablein and Meyer.Netter s excellent drawings of the blood supply to the mouth and pharynx, venous drainage of the mouth and pharynx, and lymphatic drainage of the mouth and pharynx have been published by Ciba. ... 

Epithelium of mouth and pharynx Lining of ain/vays Lining of digestive tract Liver, pancreas... 

The pharmacological effects of marshmallow root are due to its content of mucilage, which forms a protective layer on mucous membranes or skin, soothing irritation and inflammation. It is used topically as a mouthwash or gargle for inflammation of the mouth and pharynx. It is a component in tablets, tea, and mixtures. 

Keller, A. Z., and Terris, M., 1965, The association of alcohol and tobacco with cancer of the mouth and pharynx. Am. J. Public Health 55 1578. 

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