Pharynx

This is a sack-shaped cavity open anteriorly located behind the nasal (pars nasalis, epipharynx), oral (pars oralis, mesopharynx) and laryngeal (pars laryngea, hypopharynx) cavities. 

The posterior wall of the pharynx takes its upper origin from the pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone and is continued forward to the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. Below it suddenly narrows at the level of C 5-6 as it becomes the upper part of the oesophagus. The transoral approach therefore is suitable to gain access to the clivus as well as to the area of the uppermost cervical bodies. 

Layers of pharyngeal wall 1. tunica mucosa 2. tela submucosa 3. layer of mainly elastic fibres 4. muscles longitudinal elevators of the pharynx (levators) and transversal and oblique fibres of superior, middle and inferior constrictors telescoped into each other. The muscles insert in the midline in the pharyngeal raphe. 

Incision and blunt retraction of the deeper layers of the pharyngeal wall in the exact midline does not bring about muscle injury. 

The pharynx is in contrast posteriorly with the praevertebral fascia. Between the two there is a layer containing loose connective tissue (retropharyngeal space) which continues caudally into the posterior mediastinum. This is an important point as in cases of inflammation of the 

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Rhinitis is characterized by nasal stuffiness with partial or full obstmction, and itching of the nose, eyes, palate, or pharynx, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea. If left untreated it can lead to more serious respiratory diseases such as sinusitis or asthma. Although several types of dmgs are available for treatment, nasal spray topical corticosteroids are widely regarded as the reference standard in rhinitis therapy (250). 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

Other parts of the body are also vulnerable the skin and eyes from direct contact/mbbing or from exposure to airborne material including splashes the mouth and pharynx by ingestion of solid or liquid chemicals. 

Lungs also secrete nonvolatile compounds. Lipid-soluble compounds may thus be transported with the alveobronchotracheal mucus to the pharynx, where they are swallowed. They may then be excreted or reabsorbed. Particles are also removed by this mucociliary escalator. 

The particle size is the most important factor that contributes to the clearance of particles. For particles deposited in the anterior parts of the nose, wiping and blowing are important mechanisms whereas particles on the other areas of the nose are removed with mucus. The cilia move the mucus toward the glottis where the mucus and the particles are swallowed. In the tracheobronchial area, the mucus covering the tracheobronchial tree is moved upward by the cilia beating under the mucus. This mucociliary escalator transports deposited particles and particle-filled macrophages to the pharynx, where they are also swallowed. Mucociliary clearance is rapid in healthy adults and is complete within one to two days for particles in the lower airways. Infection and inflammation due to irritation or allergic reaction can markedly impair this form of clearance. 

Rachen, m. throat mouth jaws (Med.) pharynx, fauces. 

Schlund, m. throat, pharynx gulf, chasm. Schlund-. pharyngeal, -kopf, m. upper phar ynx. -rohr, n., -rohre, /. esophagus. 

Mouth and pharynx consistent convincing fruit weakly cousistent vegetables incousistent... 

Diphtheria is a bacterial respiratory infection characterized by membranous pharyngitis. The membrane may cover the pharynx, tonsillar areas, soft palate, and uvula. Diphtheria may also cause anal, cutaneous, vaginal, and conjunctival infections. The impact of diphtheria is not from the causative bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, but rather from complications attributed to its exotoxin, such as myocarditis and peripheral... 

The mouth is the region from the lips to the pharynx. The first step in the digestive process is chewing, or mastication, which is an initial mechanical breakdown of the food that facilitates its movement to the stomach. The mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium that provides extra protection from injury by coarse food materials. Three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity ... 

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