Motive lead-acid batteries

In Figure 1, the cutaway view of the automotive battery shows the components used in its constmction. An industrial motive power battery, shown in Figure 2 (2), is the type used for lift tmcks, trains, and mine haulage. Both types of batteries have the standard free electrolyte systems and operate only in the vertical position. Although a tubular positive lead—acid battery is shown for industrial appHcations, the dat plate battery constmction (Fig. 1) is also used in a comparable size. 

Lead-acid batteries can be classified into three major types or categories, namely, automotive (SLI), stationary, and motive power (industrial). In addition, there are many special batteries that cannot be easily categorized as either of the above types. As these types of batteries are constructed with different materials and design to meet the requirements of their intended end uses, each requires a particular separator with specific material composition, mechanical design, and physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties that are tailored for the battery and its relevant specific uses. These batteries are generally available in flooded electrolyte or valve regulated (sealed) versions. In this section the types... 

A lead-acid battery pack is used as electrical energy storage system, constituted by 4 units, each one of 12 V and 38 Ah. The choice of using lead-acid batteries is essentially motivated by its low cost and good efficiency [2]. The technical specifications of the battery pack are reported in Table 6.4. 

Lead—acid batteries are used in three main applications automotive (starting, lighting and ignition, SLI), for motive power and for standby (reserve) power. A fourth type of lead—acid batteries is trying to gain a market segment, too, i.e. batteries for hybrid eleetric vehicle applications. In view of the partieular battery funetion and the speeifieity of the operation mode in the above four applications, the amounts of the three expander eomponents should differ for the different battery types, depending on their effeet on the proeesses that oeeur in the battery. Boden [39] proposes typical expander formulations for the different battery applications as summarised in Table 7.3. 

ENGITEC has had experience dealing with battery scrap for more than thirty years. In that time, several systems have been developed which efficiently and economically reclaim virtually every component of a spent battery. The activity of ENGITEC has been increasingly motivated by the requirements of the industry to meet the strictest environmental protection regulations. The chronologieal summary of ENGITEC s development of lead-acid battery reclamation systems is as follows ... 

Increased investment in new manufacturing facilities or upgrading of existing facilities is driving substantial demand for motive lead-acid (MLA) batteries. The worldwide annual market was USD 3.34 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow to USD 4.54 billion in 2020, as shown in Figure 1.5. The industrial MLA batteries form a... 

Further details of the influence of theorj on the design of lead-acid batteries is given below. This discussion refers particularly to a motive power lead-acid battery. The same general principles apply to any conventional open type of lead-acid battery. 

Traction or motive power lead-acid batteries are the power source used for every kind of electric vehicle from road transport to fork life trucks in industry. 

Motive power lead-acid batteries are the power source used in every kind of electric vehicle from road transport to fork lift trucks in industry. Many manufacturers throughout the world supply these types of batteries and it would be impossible to review all their products. Instead, the products of one major UK-based international producer. Chloride Motive Power, are considered in some detail. The applications of these types of batteries are considered in Part 4. 

The lead-acid battery is very basic to material movement and handling. A lead-acid motive power battery is a portable source of energy supplying direct electrical current (DC) to electric powered vehicles. A battery is a device that stores energy in a chemical form and releases that energy on demand, from the operator, in an electrical form to an external load—such as a motor. The battery releases power by the reaction of the electrolyte (sulfuric acid and water) with the active material of positive and negative plates (electrodes) within the battery. 

The domestic use pattern for lead in 1990 was as follows lead-acid storage batteries, used for motor vehicles, motive power, and emergency back-up power, accounted for 80% of total lead consumption ammunition, bearing metals, brass and bronze, cable covering, extruded products, sheet lead, and solder, represented 12.4% the remaining 7.6% was used for ceramics, type metal, ballast or weights, tubes or containers, oxides, and gasoline additives (USDOC 1992). 

Fig. 5.13 Motive power lead-acid cell with tubular positive plates in which the active material is contained in pre-formed terylene tubes, and negative pasted grid plates surrounded by microporous polyvinyl chloride separator envelopes. The case and lid are formed of heat-sealed polypropylene. (By courtesy of Chloride Industrial Batteries.)...

Taper charging of lead-acid motive power batteries... 

National Electrical Manufacturers (1984) Serfety Recommendations for Lead Acid Industrial Storage Batteries Used for Motive Power Service, National Electrical Manufacturers. 

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