Mosquitocidal

Priest, F. G. Ebdrup, L. Zahner, V. Carter, P. E. Distribution and characterization of mosquitocidal toxin genes in some strains of Bacillus sphaericus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997,63,1195-1198. 

Mitchell, S. A method for determining the solubility of sparingly soluble substances, / Chem. Soc. (London), 1333-1337,1926. Mittal, P.K., Adak, T., and Sharma, V.P. Comparative toxicity of certain mosquitocidal compounds to larvivorous fish, PoeciZ/a... 

Tietze, N.S., Hester, P.G., Hallmon, C.F., Olson, M.A., and Shaffer, K.R. Acute toxicity of mosquitocidal compounds to young mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 7(2) 290-293, 1991. 

Miles, J. E. C. Ramsewak, R. S. Nair, M. G. Antifeedant and Mosquitocidal Compounds from Delphinium x cultorum Cv. Magic Fountains Flowers. ]. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 503-506. 

The three bioactive carbazole alkaloids, e.g. mahanimbine, murrayanol and maha-nine, were found to be mosquitocidal and antimicrobial. The antioxidant activity of carbazoles (l,l-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl DPH) from M. koenigii was found to be in order ascorbic acid > bismurraya foline E > euchestine B, mahanine and a-tocopherol... 

TOPI (AO/FRS, TOPII) [antimicrobial, mosquitocidal] TOPI (AO/FRS, TOPII) [antimicrobial, mosquitocidal] TOPI (TOPII) [antimicrobial, mosquitocidal]... 

So far, only two catalytic residues have been identified in SI Glu-129 (Antoine et ai, 1993) and His-35 (Antoine and Locht, 1994). The first residue is conserved in all known ADP-ribosylating toxins, whereas His-35 is only conserved in cholera toxin and a recently identified mosquitocidal toxin produced by Bacillus sphaericus. This residue is not present in diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A (Fig. 1). The absence of this catalytic residue in the latter two toxins may explain their inefficiency in carrying out the NAD -glycohydrolysis reaction, compared to PT and cholera toxin. The acceptor substrate of diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A is diphthamide, a modified histidine residue in EF2. Perhaps this residue may take on some of the functions of the catalytic His residue in the other toxins. 

M. salicifolia and displayed mosquitocidal activity on fourth instar Aedes aegyptii L. Culicidae at 15,25, 30,60, 80, and 100 ppm, respectively in 24 h [11, 12] (Table 2). Additionally, the sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of M. denudata and M. kobus var. stellata demonstrated growth inhibitory activity on gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) at 250 ppm [12], Citral and the phenylpropanoids are common in the essential oils of many plant genera. Citral, tram-anethole, and methyl chavicol have been detected in the essential oils of M. salicifolia and M. kobus [70, 71], Methyl eugenol has been detected in trace quantities by GC and MS in the leaf, branchlet, and essential oils from the flower bud of M. liliflora Desr. [72],... 

Table 2. Mosquitocidal Activity of Parthenolide (1), Costunolide (2), Myristicin (47), Trans-anethole (48), Methyl Eugenol (49), Isomethyl Eugenol (50), and Citral (51) on 4 Instar A aegyptii 11,12]...

Among these different biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides are the most intensively studied and widely used. Several insect pathogenic bacteria are known to produce proteins toxic to certain insects. Bacillus thurin ensis (Bt) is the most well-known bacterium for its potent insecticidal proteins. These proteins are highly specific to certain orders of insects. Insects sensitive to Bt include those of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera. Bacillus sphaericus and Clostridium bifermentans are known for their mosquitocidal proteins. Paenibadllus popilliae produces a scarab active toxin structurally similar to common insecticidal proteins... 

Lepidopteran insect-killing Bacillus sphaericus with no mosquitocidal activity and a novel insecticidal factor (H. Nishiwaki, Kinki Univ., Japan)... 

In a later study, E. purpurea alkamides were also found to inhibit both isoforms of cyclooxygenase however, inhibition of COX-1 was greater than for COX-2 (Clifford et al. 2002). Mosquitocidal activity of the alkamides was also confirmed in this study. 

Three mosquitocidal compounds (isomethyl eugenol, costunolide, parlhenolide) were extracted from Magnolia salicifolia and separated on a C]g column (A = 217nm and 222 nm) using a 70/30 acetonitrile/water mobile phase [981]. Baseline resolution was achieved and elution was complete in <10 min. A linear range of 4-125 pg/mL was reported. 

Mosquitocidal and Knockdown Activity Knockdown and mortality activity toward mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, was carried out for the metabolites of (+)- (418ab) and (-)-pinane-2,3-diols (418ab ) and (+) and ( ) 2-hydroxy-3-pinanones (414 and 414 ) by Dr. Radhika Samarasekera, Industrial Technology Institute, Sri Lanka. ( ) 2 Hydroxy-3-pinanone (414 ) showed the mosquito knockdown activity and the mosquitocidal activity at the concentration of 1% and 2% (Table 19.16). 

Noma, Y., 2007. Microbial production of mosquitocidal (lR,25,4R)-(+)-menthane- 2.8-diol. In Aromatic Plants from Asia their Chemistry and Application in Food and Therapy, L. Jiarovetz. N.X. Dung, and V.K. Varshney, eds., pp. 169-186. Dehradun, Uttarakhand Har Krishan Bhalla Sons. 

Insecticidal assay. The bioassay for insecticidal properties was conducted on 4th instar mosquito larvae, Aedes aegyptiy reared from the mosquito eggs (University of Davis California Straw, courtesy of Dr. David Grant) and on brine shrimp. Anemia salina Leach (obtained loc y). For the mosquitocidal assay, 10 larvae were placed in 975 fil distilled water and 25 pi of test compounds in DMSO were added and mixed at room temperature. The number of dead larvae was recorded at 2, 4 and 24 h intervals. The control tube containing 10 larvae received 25 pi of DMSO alone and mortality was recorded as in the case of test compounds. 

The oil has antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi, as well as mosquitocidal... 

Meyers, J. L, M. Gray, and B. D. Foy. Mosquitocidal Properties of IgG Targeting the Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channel in Three Mosquito Disease Vectors (Diptera Culicidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 218(2015) 1487-95. 

Eckenbach, U., Lampman, R.L., Seigler, D.S. et al. (1999) Mosquitocidal activity of acetylenic compounds from Cryptotaenia canadensis. J. Chem. Ecol, 25, 1885-1893. 

---