Insect pathogen

Schmidt, T. M., Kopecky, K., and Nealson, K. H. (1989). Bioluminescence of the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus luminescens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 2607-2612. 

Gotz, P., Boman, A. and Boman, H.G. (1981) Interactions between insect immunity and an insect-pathogenic nematode with symbiotic bacteria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B, 212, 333—350. 

Lacey LA, Frutos R, Kaya HK, Vails PR Insect pathogens as biological control agents. Do they have a future Bio Cont. 2001 21 230-248. 

SH insect pathogenic fungi - Verticillium hemipterigenum Vertihemipteiiides A and B - diketopiperazines with antimicrobiai and cytotoxic activities 103... 

There are a number of possibilities for using plant secondary chemistry to control herbivory in crop plants. One possibility is to select for insect resistant lines and though it has been done in only a few cases, select for specific allomones. There are, however, some potential problems with this approach. There is a cost for the production of the secondary compounds which may be useful for defense ( ). Insect resistant soybean cultivars produce lower yields of seeds and accumulate nitrogen at a slower rate than insect susceptible varieties in the absence of herbivores 3 ). Conversely, varieties of crop plants selected for high yield are often more susceptible to insects, pathogens, and weeds (35). 

A number of fungi are excellent insect pathogens. Some have been commercialised and others are under development and these find a place in insect control in covered or protected crops and in some situations for the control of insect swarms. 

Isaka M, Kittakoop P, Kirtikara K, Hywel-Jones NL, Thebtaranonth Y (2005) Bioactive Substances from Insect Pathogenic Fungi. Acc Chem Res 38 813... 

Seephonkai P, Isaka M, Kittakoop P, Boonudomlap U, Thebtaranonth Y (2004) A Novel Ascochlorin Glycoside from the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 2370. J Antibiot 57 10... 

DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-l, 4-benzoxazin-3-one) play an important role in the chemical defense of cereals against insects, pathogenic fungi and bacteria (Niemeyer, 1988). Researches with maize indicate thatmycorrizal colonization induced accumulation of DIMBOA and increase in transcript levels of Bx9. Concentrations of DIMBOA in maize roots inoculated both G. mosseae and Rhizoctonia solani were significantly higher than those roots inoculated separately with G. mosseae or Rhizoctonia solani. 

Only the spores and toxins of certain bacteria (such as Bacillus thuringiensis, an insect pathogen) have a comparable shelf life. 

An alkaline Ca2+-dependent protease was purified from B. brongniartii, the other main insect pathogenic Beauveria species, by Erlacher et al. (2006). The enzyme hydrolyzed the chromogenic substrates A-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA and A-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-/ NA. Both of these substrates are specific for serine proteases which is in contrast to the fact... 

The genomic DNA encoding Prl in the other main insect pathogenic Beauveria species, B. brongniartii contains three introns that are 64, 57-, and 61-bp long (Sheng et al., 2006). The deduced amino-acid sequence of the protein shows similarity to that of Prl from M anisopliae (67%), and Prl from B. bassiana (76%). The calculated molecular mass of the Prl precursor is 39121 Da and its pi is 8.0. The protein has three active sites characteristic of subtilisin-like serine proteases. 

Freimoser, F. M., Hu, G., and St. Leger, R. J. (2005). Variation in gene expression patterns as the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae adapts to different host cuticle or nutrient deprivation in vitro. Microbiology, 151, 361-371. 

Paterson, I. C., Chamley, A. K., Cooper, R. M., and Clarkson J. M. (1993). Regulation of production of a trypsin-like protease by the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. FEMSMicrobiology Letters, 109, 323-328. 

Shah, F. A., Wang, C. S., and Butt, T. M. (2005). Nutrition influences growth and virulence of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 251, 259-266. 

Small, C. L., and Bidochka, M. J. (2005). Up-regulation of Prl, a subtilisin-like protease, during conidiation in the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycological Research, 109, 307-313. 

Reduced nutrient uptake/ Increased insect pathogen... 

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