Morphogenetic differentiation

Under stable conditions of extremely low productivity imposed by mineral nutrient stress (position 7 in Fig. lb) there is little seasonal change in biomass. Leaves and roots often have a functional life of several years and there is usually an uncoupling of resource capture from growth (Grime, 1977 Chapin, 1980). Because of the slow turnover of plant parts, differentiating cells occupy a small proportion of the biomass and morphogenetic... 

Mehler, M., Mabie, P., Zhu, G., Gokhan, S. and Kessler, J. Developmental changes in progenitor cell responsiveness to bone morphogenetic proteins differentially modulate progressive CNS lineages. Dev. Neurosci 22 74-85, 2000. 

Xu et al. [76] have showed that human embryonic stem cells by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-4 can be driven to differentiate into tro-phoblasts which have the ability to syncytialize and form confluent mono-layers. The differentiated cells express a number of trophoblast markers and secrete placental hormones and thus may provide an alternative placental model. Under the culture conditions used, however, the cells propagated poorly. 

Cell interactions leading to kidney-tubule determination are tunica-mycin-sensitive. When tunicamycin was applied at concentrations that prevent induction of differentiation, cells did not contain laminin, a glycoprotein that is detected in early stages of differentiation. As tunicamycin did not prevent differentiation when applied later during the morphogenetic period, the authors considered it unlikely that the drug interferes with tubule formation by inhibiting the secretion of laminin.493,494... 

Jelinek R Peterka M (1981) Morphogenetic systems and in vitro techniques in teratology. In Neubert D Marker H-J ed. Culture techniques. Applicability for studies on prenatal differentiation and toxicity. Berlin, New York, Walter de Gruyter Publishers, pp 553-557. 

A. Babloyantz and J. Hiemaux, Models for cell differentiation and generation of polarity in diffusion-governed morphogenetic fields. Bull. Math. Biol., 37,637-657 (1975). 

Early, A., Abe, T., Williams, J. (1995). Evidence for positional differentiation of pre-stalk cells and for a morphogenetic gradient in Dictystelium. Cell 83, 91-99. 

Romer F. (1991) The oenocytes of insects differentiation, changes during molting, and their possible involvement in the secretion of moulting hormone. In Morphogenetic Hormones of Arthropods, ed. A. P. Gupta, vol. 3, pp. 542-566. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 

G5 BMP-12R Brachyury CBF membrane ganglioside related to pericytes identification receptor to bone morphogenetic protein isoform 12 transcription factor related to embryo mesoderm determination core-binding factor protein family involved in cell differentiation... 

Karageorgiou, V., Meinel, L., Hofmann, S., Malhotra, A., Volloch, V., and Kaplan, D. "Bone morphogenetic protein-2 decorated silk fibroin films induce osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells". J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 71A(3), 528-537 (2004). 

Implicated in induction and differentiation of cartilaginous tissues during development are a number of growth factors and cytokines, including the TGF-P superfamily. Those implicated include bone morphogenetic protein subfamilies, fibroblast growth factor family, insulinlike growth factor family,... 

Ikegame M, Ishibashi O, Yoshizawa T, Shimomura J, Komori T, Ozawa H, Kawashima H. Tensile stress induces bone morphogenetic protein 4 in pre-osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells, which later differentiate into osteoblasts leading to osteogenesis in the mouse calvariae in organ culture. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 16 24-32. 

Transforming growth factor (3 (TGF(3) (that suppresses cell proliferation), the related develop-mentally important activins (involved in mesoderm induction) and bone morphogenetic proteins (involved in bone formation) act via PM-located transmembrane receptors that are Ser/Thr-specific PKs. Thus, TGF(3 binds to the extracellular domain of a specific TGF(3 receptor with the successive consequences of activation of the receptor Ser/Thr-specific PK activity, phosphorylation of a protein Mad to yield P-Mad and downstream consequences resulting in developmentally important specific gene expression. Thus, dorso-ventral differentiation in Xenopus embryos involves Mad-like proteins and a Mad-like gene is a tumour suppressor gene. 

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