Moraxella spp

Dog and cat Pasteurella multocida, staphylococci, streptococci Moraxella spp., Eikenella corrodens, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. 

Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversa, Serratia liquefaciens, Providencia alkalifaciens, Proteus morgani, Moraxella spp. ... 

Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae 03-lactam resistance possible)... 

Most infections are polymicrobial, and the most frequently isolated organisms are Pasteurella spp., streptococci, staphylococci, Moraxella, and Neisse-... 

The major precipitants of exacerbations of COPD are acute airways infections. The role of bacteria in precipitating exacerbations is controversial. Bacteria may have a primary role in the development of an exacerbation or represent a secondary superinfection of an initial viral process. The major bacterial organisms that have been associated with exacerbations are Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a part. In COPD patients with a FEVi < 35% predicted gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. play an important part in acute exacerbations. 

Due to its powerful specific activity against commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens [33,149-158], including penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria [159-162], moxifloxacin was developed as a respiratory tract anti-infective [163-168]. 

There is anecdotal evidence implicating Chlamydia spp. in some cases of follicular conjunctivitis, and both Moraxella equi some Mycoplasma spp. may be involved in external ocular disease in the horse (Lavach 1990). The role of anaerobes in equine ocular disease has not been investigated extensively, although Clostridium perfringens has been isolated from corneal ulcers in two horses (Rebhun et al 1999). 

Ketolides and macrolides have very similar antibacterial properties. Telithromycin is active against staphylococci, streptococci, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella. It is slightly more active by weight than erythromycin. MIC breakpoints for telithromycin are <0.25 pg/ml for S. aureus, <1 pg/ml for S. pneumoniae, and pg/ml for H. influenzae. 

Saez-Nieto, J. A., and Vazquez, J. A. (1999). In vitro activities of ketolide HMR 3647 and HMR 3004, Levofloxacin, and other quinolones and macrolides against Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 983-984. 

Peak IR, Jennings MP, Hood DW et al. Tetrameric repeat units associated with virulence faaor phase variation in Haemophilus also occur in Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 137 109-114. 

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