Montreal Protocol treaty

Within the Montreal Protocol treaty, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were broken up into several groups. Of primary importance was group 1 of annex A of the treaty, shown in Table 9.1. These CFCs are deemed to be more detrimental to the ozone layer on the basis of their ODP values. The ozone depletion potential is the relative amount of damage that a particular chemical causes to the ozone layer relative to R-ll (trichlorofluoromethane), which has an ozone depletion potential of 1.0. 

The Montreal Protocol s purpose was that the signatory states [3] 

According to the treaty, the CFC levels of consumption and production in group 1, annex A, from a period of 1991-1992 were controlled so as not to exceed 150% of calculated levels from 1986. From 1994, their calculated levels of consumption and production were not to exceed 25% of the 1986 value, and from 1996 the calculated level was not to exceed zero [3], 

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Montreal protocol Treaty signed in 1987 that governs stratospheric ozone protection and research, and the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. It provides for the end of production of ozone-depleting substances such as CFCS. Under the protocol, various research groups continue to assess the ozone layer. The multilateral fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies. 

Montreal Protocol. Treaty Series, No. 19, Her Majesty s Stationary Office, 1987. 

The Montreal Protocol of July 1987 resulted in an international treaty in which the industrialized nations agreed to halt the production of most ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons by the year 2000. This deadline was hastily changed to 1996, in February 1992, after a U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite and high-altitude sampling aircraft found levels of chlorine monoxide over North America that were 5i % greater than that measured over Antarctica. 

The international treaty known as the Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987, resulting in the phasing out of CFCs and other synthetic... 

In the 1980s, scientists studying the atmosphere over Antarctica shocked the world by announcing they had found a "hole" in the ozone layer over that continent. The startling discovery led to an international treaty called the Montreal Protocol that banned the use of CFCs in most products. Nearly all of the world s countries have signed the treaty, leading to a sharp decrease in the amount of ozone-eating CFCs in the atmosphere. 

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer , an international treaty signed in Montreal, 1987. 

The Montreal Protocol can be said to be one of the more successful treaties involving chemical management. What were the key elements leading to the success of the Protocol and what can be learnt in order to effectively manage broader chemical issues ... 

CO2 is a greenhouse gas, thought to contribute to global warming. Many countries around the world have sought to reduce their emissions of CO2. International climate control treaties, such as the Montreal Protocol, have set targets to do this. 

Many of the commonly used solvents for precision cleaning are being eliminated due to their suspected involvement in reduction of the earth s ozone layer. Production of these chemicals, known as ozone depleting substances (ODS), is being eliminated by an international treaty known as the Montreal Protocol. This is an international agreement, first proposed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989, which limits production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons due to concerns that these substances were damaging the earth s ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was modified in 1990 and again in 1992 to completely eliminate the production of chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform (1,1,1 -trichloroethane) and halons by 1996. 

In 1995 the Nobel Prize for chemistry was awarded to F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, physical chemists from the University of California, Irvine. In then-published ozone depletion hypothesis [1], they proposed that chlorine atoms could form high in the stratosphere. As an offshoot of this work as well as some other work, the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987. The treaty took effect on January 1, 1989, and has since undergone several revisions. The treaty addresses ozone-depleting compounds that contain chlorine or bromine. Fluorine is not included in the treaty because it has not been shown to harm the ozone layer. 

Recognizing the serious implications of the loss of ozone in the stratosphere, nations throughout the world have acknowledged the need to drastically curtail or totally stop the production of CFCs. In 1978 the United States was one of the few countries to ban the use of CFCs in hair sprays and other aerosols. An international treaty—the Montreal protocol—was signed by most industrialized nations in 1987, setting targets for cutbacks in CFC production and the complete elimination of these substances by the year 2000. While some progress has been made in this respect, it is doubtful that poorer nations such as China and India can strictly abide by the treaty because of the... 

Awareness of the ozone depletion problem was reflected by signing in 1987 of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer . This international treaty initially set targets for CFC production to be cutback to 1986 baseline levels by mid-1989, cut to 80%ofbaselineby 1993, and to 50% of baseline by 1998. Subsequent information suggested that these cuts in CFC production would be insufficient to prevent substantial loss of stratospheric ozone over the first half of the 2T century. Consequently, amendments have been made to strengthen the original terms of the Montreal Protocol, so that a complete phase-out of the hard CFCs such as CFC-11 and CFC-12 (Figure 6) will be effected. 

Only a decade earlier, just 24 countries had signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. This treaty, however, was soon ratified by all of the significant producer and consumer nations. It came into force within only 15 months, has now been ratified by nearly 170 countries, and has entered into the annals of diplomacy as a landmark in the history of international cooperation. The heads of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) described the 1987 Montreal Protocol as one of the great international achievements of the century (Bojkov, 1995). 

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was proposed in 1987 and enacted in 1989. As a result of this treaty, and its many revisions, the phaseout of CFCs and many other substances harmful to the ozone layer has been achieved in many industrialized nations. However, the Montreal Protocol provided exceptions for products in which the use of CFCs was essential because no viable alternatives existed. One such product was albuterol metered-dose inhalers, which use CFCs as propellants to deliver the drug and are used by asthma patients worldwide. In the United States, this exemption from the Montreal Protocol expired in December 2008, thanks to the Clean Air Act and the availability of another type of propellant known as hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs). One drawback of HFA-... 

The discovery of a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica in the 1980s led to an international treaty, formally termed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, calling for a reduction of 50% in the use of CFCs by 2000 and a total ban on the manufacture of CFCs after 1995. The concentration of CFCs in the stratosphere has declined significantly since the treaty went into effect, but by some estimates the ozone layer will not be restored to normal for another century. 

The Montreal Protocol is a treaty among about 200 states in addition to the European Union. Its collective purpose is to reverse the deterioration of the Earth s ozone layer. Its methodology was to presaibe elimination through gradual phase out of the production and use of substances which cause that deterioration. 

The second propagation step regenerates a chlorine radical, which continues the chain reaction. In this way, each CFC molecule can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. Awareness of the effect of CFCs led to a ban on their production in most countries as of January 1, 1996, as part of a global treaty called the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. As a result, much research has been directed toward flnding suitable substitutes, such as the following two categories of compounds. 

The phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons started in 1978 with the banning of CFCs from household aerosols such as deodorant and hair spray, in 1987, 23 nations signed the Montreal Protocol, which called for a 50°/o decrease in CFC usage by the year 2000. However, growing evidence that these chemicals were responsible for ozone depletion led to the London amendment to the treaty, which called for a complete phaseout by 2000. The Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 contained legislation to enact this phaseout, in 1992, President Bush pushed the deadline even closer, calling for a complete phaseout by January 1, 1996. The other industrialized nations involved in the Montreal Protocol followed Bush s lead and banned CFCs on the same date. 

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