Montana samples

The Virginia amphibole (identified as actinolite) and the South African amphibole (identified as anthophyllite) were predominately nonasbestiform, whereas the Montana amphibole (identified as actinolite) was predominately asbestiform (Moatamed et al. 1986). Numbers of fibrous amphibole particles in the Virginia samples were reported to be extremely low in comparison to the Montana samples. The infrequent, short fibrous structures were most likely cleavage fragments. The South African vermiculite samples showed a near absence of fibers or rare, short fibrous stmctures. ... 

A few of the residents also wondered what was in the small reservoir to the south that dammed the Clark Fork River. The river had received mining and milling wastes for over 100 years from the Butte and Anaconda areas 190 to 240 km upstream. In 1975, Bailey, as part of her Master of Science at the University of Montana, sampled reservoir sediments (Bailey, 1976) and found elevated concentrations of copper, lead and zinc (Bailey and Weisel, 1976). However, she did not analyze the sediment for arsenic. 

Layered intrusions. Chlorine isotope studies of the Stillwater Complex of Montana, USA (e.g., Stewart et al. 1996 Boudreau et al. 1997), and the Bushveld Complex in the Republic of South Africa (e.g., Willmore et al. 2002) show that both intrusions are anomalously rich in chlorine (e.g., Boudreau et al. 1986 Willmore et al. 2000), but that, their chlorine-isotopic compositions are distinct from one another (Fig. 1). The 8 Cl values of Stillwater samples range from -0.93%o to 0.27%o with all but one value below 0.1 %o (Fig. 1). In contrast the... 

Resin acids. To obtain good mass spectra of resin acids it has previously been necessary to esterify the acids. Figure 9 shows a chromatogram of a crude resin sample from Pinus montana. The small peaks at the beginning of the chromatogram represents monoterpenes and the main... 

Once returned to the Station, the hair was sent to the University of Montana, where a laboratory analyzed the DNA in the hair to identify the species. A positive control, a sample of Canada lynx hair, was run in each test to verify that the test could detect the species, and water was rim in each test as a negative control. At the completion of each test, the extracted DNA samples were frozen, and hair samples were stored to permit checking any specific sample if questions arose.6... 

Although as already mentioned, the information on the chemical composition of natural, low temperature chlorites in sedimentary rocks is limited some new data has been gathered using microprobe analysis of grain mounts or rock thin sections. The samples studied come from rather different geographic areas—western Montana, Algeria and the Franco-Italian Alps and African off-shore Atlantic coast shelf sediments. 

This has been confirmed in the present study for chlorites from six rocks from the Belt series in northern Montana (Harrison and Jobin, 1963) and three samples from the outer zones in the Alpine chain. From these analyses, it is apparent that metamorphic chlorites which have crystallized with muscovite have low silica contents and a rather limited alumina content (27 3% A1 ions). The relatively large variation in chlorite Fe-Mg ratio from rock to rock suggests that bulk rock composition is more important in determining the chlorite composition than is the case of chlorites from clay mineral facies. 

Little Cottonwood Creek Utah, USA 74 samples Lluta River Chile Madison River Wyoming and Montana, USA Medjerda River ... 

USA Montana, Idaho, and Washington northern Rocky Mountains Clark Fork—Pend Oreille and Spokane River Basins 16 samples... 

Milford Lake (Reservoir), Kansas, USA 20 sediment core samples Milltown Reservoir Montana, USA Milwaukee Harbor, Lake Michigan,... 

USA Montana Milltown 4 community wells USA Montana—Wyoming Madison River valley USA Montana—Wyoming Madison River valley 13 samples... 

USA North Dakota—Montana Fort Union 280 lignite samples... 

USA Wyoming-Montana Powder River Basin mostly subbituminous 530 samples 0.20-420 U.S. Geological Survey Coal Quality Database (2006)... 

Phosphorite Belkinsk Altai Sayan, Siberia, former USSR Phosphorite Bone Valley Formation, Florida, USA Phosphorite Brazil 3 samples Phosphorite Duwi Formation Egypt 18 samples Phosphorite Karatau, Kazakhstan Phosphorite Oulad Abdoun Basin, Morrocco Phosphorite Phosphoria Formation Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, USA 60 samples Phosphorite southeast Jordan 3 beds... 

Fey, D.L., Church, S.E. and Finney, C.J. (2000) Analytical Results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine Waste Samples and Bed Sediments from a Small Tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River Watershed, Montana. Open-File Report 00-031, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 63. 

Rodgers et al. [85] identified soil surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the use of real-time aerosol mass spectrometry in two NIST standard research material soils (Montana SRM 2710 and Peruvian SRM 4355), each contaminated separately with three common petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel fuel, gasoline and kerosene). This method required no sample preparation. Direct laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of individual soil particles contaminated with each of the petroleum hydrocarbons at three different contamination levels (0.8,8, and 80 ppth (wt/wt)) yielded detectable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cation distributions that ranged from m/z 128 to 234, depending on the fuel contaminant. The same analysis... 

Cation exchange data (in mequiv./g) for samples of bentonite from the Northern Black Hills district, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota (After Kncchtel and Patterson, 1962)... 

The samples examined were predominantly lignites from the Pust seam in Montana. However, data for two North Dakota lignites, for slagging and fouling deposits produced by those lignites, and for several subbituminous coals are also included. 

Analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples or sputum samples can directly reflect alveolar concentrations of retained fibers and, although they do not reflect the proportion of deposited fibers that may move to the interstitium (Case 1994 Pinkerton et al. 1984), can provide information regarding past exposure to asbestos, especially to amphibole fibers. Obtaining sputum samples is much less invasive than obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage samples. In Libby, Montana vermiculite miners and millers exposed to fibrous tremolite, counts of asbestos bodies in sputum samples closely reflected intensity and duration of past exposure (Sebastien et al. 1988b), but asbestos body counts in sputum samples from volunteers from other cohorts of workers exposed to asbestos (predominately chrysotile or lower levels of amphibole fibers than in Libby) did not reliably reflect past levels of exposure (McDonald et al. 1988, 1992). 

McDonald et al. (1986b) reported that TEM and chemical analysis of samples of airborne fibers from various locations of the Libby, Montana, vermiculite mine and mill showed several morphologies (straight with uniform diameter, needle shape, and curved), chemical content compatible with the... 

The photograph in Figure 2 shows a sample of raw vermiculite ore from Libby, Montana, with asbestiform amphibole fibers mixed in with the vermiculite. Figure 3 shows processed vermiculite concentrate (before expansion) and exfoliated vermiculite (after expansion). 

Figure 2. Photograph of a sample of Libby, Montana, vermiculite ore. Fiber-like structures can be seen along the left edge of the piece of ore on the left. Source U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, Colorado.

In an early EPA-supported study, -21% to 26% of the weight of raw ore samples and 0.3% to 7% of the weight of vermiculite concentrate samples from Libby were accounted for by asbestiform amphibole identified as tremolite-actinolite (Atkinson et al. 1982). In a 1984 study of samples from Libby, Montana, conducted by W.R. Grace, asbestiform amphibole percentage by weight varied from 3.5% to 6.4% in raw ore and from 0.4% to 1.0% in the concentrate (cited in Amandus et al. 1987a). 

Moatamed et al. (1986) analyzed samples of vermiculite ores from Libby, Montana Louisa County, Virginia and South Africa for the presence of amphibole. Two samples of Montana unexpanded vermiculite ore were determined to have 0.08% and 2.0% amphibole by weight two samples of expanded Montana vermiculite both showed 0.6% amphibole content. The South African unexpanded and expanded samples showed 0.4% and 0.0% amphibole content, respectively. The unexpanded and expanded Virginia samples were both determined to be 1.3% amphibole by weight. 

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