Planning money

Types and Accuracy of Estimates Capital-cost estimates may be required for a variety of reasons, among others to enable feasibility studies to be carried out, to enable a manufacturing company to select from alternative investments, to assist in selection from alternative designs, to provide information for planning the appropriation of capital, and to enable a contractor to bid on a new project. It is therefore essential to achieve the greatest accuracy of estimation with a minimum expenditure of time and money. 

Finally, planning may save money and time if process changes are foreseeable. For instance, capacity increase, or an increase in molecular weight due to a catalyst change, results in decreased volumetric flow. Although the cylinders must be sized for economical operation at the... 

Many large petrochemical projects involve considerable investment. Plant output value can be measured in staggering amounts of money if value of lost production is calculated. An incorrect pressure switch installed on a compressor may have very little direct financial impact to a compressor manufacturer, but it can cause a loss to the user far in excess of the total value of the compressor package itself. Extra care must therefore be taken in compressor performance tests. In the planning of a pro- ject, testing has to be reviewed to ... 

A prerequisite to a corrodable material being used is that it is known to have a useful and reasonably predictable life. Planned, or unplanned downtime costs money and the intervals between planned replacements must be of reasonable duration. In practice, the replacement interval is usually conservative at first and then as experience accumulates, the intervals between planned replacements will usually extend. The main reason for choosing a planned maintenance policy is that on a discounted cash flow (DCF) calculation over the life of the plant, the cost of regular replacements including maintenance labour and downtime is less than the extra initial capital cost of a more durable material. 

You can t get too preachy, said Mr. Stuart, who noted that the drink is having success at his bar, at times at his prompting with the gin-timid. It also has a money-back guarantee. It s part of my plan to open people s palates—and minds—to gin. It s one of the great forgotten liquors. ... 

Many will blame such problems on lack of funds when the laboratory was built. This may not be the case. A well-planned and efficient laboratory does not have to cost more than a poorly planned one. It is mostly a matter of putting the available money to work where it counts most. This book gives many examples where money can be saved without causing operational problems later. It also presents cases where additional money spent at the outset has paid off in a safer and more efficient operation for years to come. 

Russia, a developed country, is part of the Annex 1 bloc of countries committed to cutting emissions under the protocol. But its economy has shrunk so drastically since 1990 that it cannot afford to bum the fuel that would produce the emissions Kyoto entitles it to. Its emissions have fallen by almost 40% in a decade. So it favours emissions trading, selling its unused entitlement to developed countries wanting to emit more than the protocol allows them. Russia will ratify Kyoto, because it recognises it as a way of earning desperately needed money. It plans to use the cash for energy efficiency projects. 

The detergent industry hoped that this story would be repeated. It spent a lot of money on research and found a partial substitute for the phosphate, sodium nitrilo-triacetate (NTA). The chemical industry began to build plants for its production. Monsanto, which had built a plant to produce 75,000,000 lb / yr (35,000,000 kg / yr), planned to double that plant s capacity and to add another one to produce... 

Well, they didn t know, of course. They planned Monowitz lock, stock, and barrel then they built it with their own money — but they never looked the place over ... 

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