Objects monetary value

Cost-benefit analysis is concerned with issues of whether (and to what extent) to pursue objectives and policies it is thus a broader activity than cost-effectiveness analysis and puts monetary values on the quality as well as on the quantity (duration) of life. 

As said, traditionally, this type of a problem has been formulated as a single objective optimization problem hiding the interrelationships between the objectives. Then, monetary values have to be assigned a priori to en-... 

Possible objectives for the IE with 6 plants are the profit, lEcP and lEvP. Comparing the two economic objectives, profit is the difference between the revenues and the costs of the system while lEcP is the ratio of the emergy of revenues to the emergy of costs. As mentioned above, the emdollars in both numerator and denominator of lEcP is the same, thus lEcP is simply reduced to the ratio of revenues to costs. In other words, profit gives the absolute monetary value that the system can earn... 

Museums and other cultural institutions aim to conserve plastics for future generations and to preserve information about outdated materials and technologies. In addition to conserving the plastic material itself, preserving the design, concept or intention reflected by the object is often important. Private collectors wish to preserve the artistic, historical and financial values of their objects and artworks. With the dramatic increase in monetary value of modern art since 2000, art insurance companies are also concerned with the short useful lifetime of plastics. 

The monetary value of an object is a relational property of that object. It has to do with its history — was it produced in a mint or in someone s basement - and the economic practices of the community in which it... 

It is important to understand that these are questions about the causal relevance of an object s properties (its being worth 20), not the causal efficacy of the objects (the 20 bills) that have these properties. These are, in other words, questions about what explains the result, not what causes it. Giving the cashier an object with a monetary value of 20 caused ict to... 

This additional dimension to the causal story does not show that a vending machine s output is explained by the monetary value of the coins deposited in it. No, the Cokes come rolling down the chute, not because an object with a certain value is deposited in the machine but because an object with a certain size and shape is. Nonetheless, if what we want to explain is not why a Coke came sliding down the chute (the shape and size of the coins deposited will explain that), but why objects having the size and shape of nickels, dimes, and quarters cause Cokes to be dispensed. 

It has to be emphasized that the willingness-to-pay principle differs eompletely from attempts to use the monetary value of a human life or even life years as a safety criterion. There will never be a reasonable and ethically indisputable answer to that question. Ten different people who would be willing to quantify the values of the lives of 10 different persons might give 100 different answers. But even people who would refuse to answer this question for ethical reasons will find it necessary to spend money to prevent people from becoming victims. But, with regard to the value and object of the dangerous activity as well as the limited funds, they would not spend an infinite amount and would want to realize the minimum risk with the money spent. 

Three, a monetary measure is too precise, and may often give a false impression of the actual state of knowledge about the value of a function. This objection is easily overcome by using ranges of monetary values, expressed either as actual ranges, such as 20 - 50, or as a value with a tolerance, such as 35 40 %, or even as an order of magnitude. 

Four, and perhaps the most common objection to putting a monetary value on a function is the reluctance to be pinned down and to put any value on it in this way one cannot be held to account later on. This attitude is particularly prevalent where the decision-making is open to public scrutiny, such as in politics. Decisions are made in these areas also, it is just that the reasons for the decisions are sometimes quite confused and irrational, and the decisions are therefore wrong, as far as achieving the stated goal goes. 

Another important objection to conventional economic wisdom is monetary appraisal as in project appraisal or evaluation. There is a prejudice to the future by discounting the present value of future benefits may be exceeded... 

Value The first objective to be considered by a decision maker would be the number of persons that could be saved by simply choosing each safety improvement project. Another concernment of a decision maker would be a environmental dimension, which would be affected if any accidental scenario occurs. There is also many monetary or financial aspects to be evaluated, such as property... 

In principle, all these impacts can be valued in monetary terms and included in cost-benefit analyses. If there is evidence of behavioural adaptation producing any of these impacts, it is recommended to include them in cost-benefit analyses of road safety measures whose principal objective is to improve road safety. 

Hock s marginalization of the role of plastic is to be expected, given the way in which monetary objects are thought about - both popularly and in social scientific discourse as things that come to matter because of their ability to negate their materiality and act as passive mediators of value. This chapter, however, opens up for examination this simple accident of time and circumstance , and explores how the plastic in the plastic card can indeed matter to the composition of the consumer credit market assemblage, in both moments of borrowing and default. ... 

Such moments of stabilization are also necessarily provisional, inherently involving concomitant processes of exclusion and externalization. Processes of detachment are thus always dependent on the outside of the moment of exchange which can, depending on circumstance, re-intrude. Viviana Zelizer (1997, 2002) has shown how this can apply to monetary objects as much as any other, tracking the way they can be imbued with social understandings and, as a corollary, become implicated in generating social consequences that are quite imrelated to the economic value associated with them. It is thus not only the value of monetary media that matters, but also the socially derived values that come to be attached to them. ... 

Historically, gold was used as the basis for international monetary systems and as a highly effective store of value for investors. In more recent times, the metal has come to meet more modem objectives within the portfolios of both private individuals and institutions. Over the past half-decade in particular, growth in investor interest in gold has arguably made it the single most important influence on the metal s price, certainly as regards day-to-day moves. 

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