Modeling Methodology

Predicting smoke and flame behavior can be based on full-scale field experience, analytic integral approximations that capture the gross flow behavior, fine-scale numerical modeling and/or physical modeling at reduced scale. These methods are typically called full-scale, zone, field (numerical), and physical modeling, respectively. 

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The basic stages in the above modelling methodology are indicated in Fig. 1.1. 

It does not contain a probabilistic modeling component that simulates variability therefore, it is not used to predict PbB probability distributions in exposed populations. Accordingly, the current version will not predict the probability that children exposed to lead in environmental media will have PbB concentrations exceeding a health-based level of concern (e.g., 10 pg/dL). Efforts are currently underway to explore applications of stochastic modeling methodologies to investigate variability in both exposure and biokinetic variables that will yield estimates of distributions of lead concentrations in blood, bone, and other tissues. 

Yang, W. C., Newby, R. A., and Keaims, D. L., Large-scale Fluidized Bed Physical Model Methodology and Results, Powder Technol., 82 331 (1995)... 

Watson, J. G., Chemical element balance receptor model methodology for assessing the sources of fine and total suspended particulate matter in Portland, Oregon, PhD Thesis, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, Oregon, 1979. 

D3mamic modeling methodology provides a unique way to address portfolio management problems in the pharmaceutical industry. 

However, our proposed modeling methodology is of great benefit to refiners as they can align their long and medium plans through a common purpose model. 

Pattern dependency concerns arise at two levels in STI CMP [67] during the oxide overburden polish phase, and when the nitride layer is exposed. In the first stage, the process is similar to interlevel dielectric (ILD) CMP and the characterization and modeling methodologies presented in the previous section are applicable. Once the nitride is exposed, two different materials exist at the same level, and pattern dependency manifestation is more complex. 

The integrated modeling methodology is useful for several applications. These include the ability to determine the optimal amount of material to deposit before CMP, the provision of an effective characterization scheme through the use of planarization length as a process performance monitor [29, 55], and the correct prediction of post-CMP ILD thickness variation, which is useful for assessing the impaet of such variation on circuit performance [24,56]. 

D. Ouma, D. Boning, J. Chung, G. Shinn, L. Olsen, and J. Clark, An Integrated Characterization and Modeling Methodology for CMP Dielectric Planarization, International Interconnect Technology Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 1998. 

Watson, J.G., Jr., (1979) "Chemical Element Balance Receptor Model Methodology for Assessing the Sources of Fine and Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Portland, Oregon," Thesis, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, OR. 

Mathew, R., Wu, KB. and Santore, R.C. (2005) Predicting sediment metal toxicity using a sediment biotic ligand model methodology and initial application. Environ Toxicol Chem, 24,... 

Modelling methodologies are contributing significantly to the knowledge-based development of membrane materials and engineering. 

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