Numerical scale

Portabihty, simplicity, and high speed are the main advantages of this portable hardness tester. It uses a single numerical scale encompa ssing the hardness of ah metals. 

Four characteristics of odor are subject to measurement by sensory techniques intensity, detectability, character (quality), and hedonic tone (pleasantness-unpleasantness) (16). Odor intensity is the magnitude of the perceived sensation and is classified by a descriptive scale, e.g., faint-moderate-strong, or a 1-10 numerical scale. The detectability of an odor or threshold limit is not an absolute level but depends on how the odorant is present, e.g., alone or in a mixture. Odor character or qualit) is the characteristic which permits its description or classification by comparison to other odors, i.e., sweet or sour, or like that of a skunk. The last characteristic is the hedonic type, which refers to the acceptability of an odorant. For the infrequent visitor, the smell of a large commercial bread bakery may be of high intensity but pleasant. For the nearby resident, the smell may be less acceptable. 

Another fundamental property of chemical bonds is polarity. In general, it is to be expected that the distribution of the pair of electrons in a covalent bond will favor one of the two atoms. The tendency of an atom to attract electrons is called electronegativity. There are a number of different approaches to assigning electronegativity, and most are numerically scaled to a definition originally proposed by Pauling. Part A of Table 1.6... 

Scales of sensation A simple numerical scale used to report the response of a person to temperature, humidity, air velocity, air purity, noise, light, taste, etc. 

For some applications, for example, human reliability analysis, a situation needs to be rated on a numerical scale. In these cases, values such as those shown in the left-hand column of Table 3.1 can be generated by comparing the situation being evaluated with the descriptions in the second, third, and subsequent columns which represent other PIFs relevant to the situation being assessed. These represent the worst, average, and best conditions that are likely to occur in chemical plants in general and correspond to ratings of 1,5, and 9 on the numerical scale in the left hand colunrm of Table 3.1. Obviously,... 

Fujita and Nishioka have attempted to place ortho effects on the same numerical scale as meta and para effects. They assume that the normal ortho electronic effect can be represented by the standard substituent constant appropriate to the reaction (cr, cr", cr, cr°), that the steric effect is given by E , and that the proximity effect is measured by the Swain-Lupton Then a multiple LFER is written... 

This is the ratio in which the current would divide, if electrolytic resistance were to control its flow entirely. The metal distribution ratio M is the ratio of the thicknesses of the coating actually deposited during a measurement. There are several numerical scales of throwing index T, but Field s is widely adopted ... 

A less rigorous approach to modeling than the one described above is an empirical procedure whereby water data for a given geometry may be linked with that of another fluid by numerical scaling factors without actually... 

The starting material undergoes acid dissociation with pKa = 8.9 the reaction proceeds by parallel hydrolysis of acid (k = 4X 10-6 s l) and anion kj = 8x 10-3 s l). Sketch the expected pH profile with numerical scales on the axes. 

General scaling factor Scaling factor for constant power per unit volume Numerical scaling factor for S = 512... 

An even more streamlined approach scores each stage of the life cycle for impact on a number of environmental indicators. Typical indicators include resource depletion, global warming potential, smog production, acidification, eutrophication, toxic waste production and biodiversity impact. Impact is estimated using a simple numerical scale. The completed matrix is used to focus attention on areas for improvement. 

The acidity and alkalinity of water solutions and, therefore, differences in their acidity or alkalinity, can be quantified and assigned numerical values. One way of doing this is to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions on a numerical scale. Such a scale is provided by the widely accepted pH scale, in which the strength or weakness of acid or alkaline... 

Irritation is evaluated as follows Three rabbits are sacrificed by a lethal dose of barbiturate at approximately 24, 48, or 72-h after dosing. The left and right lateral vastus of each rabbit are excised. The lesions resulting from injection are scored for muscle irritation on a numerical scale of 0 to 5 as follows (Shintani et al., 1967) ... 

Pauling scale phys chem A numerical scale of electronegativities based on bond-energy calculations for different elements joined by covalent bonds. pol-iri Skal Pavy s solution analychem Laboratory reagent used to determine the concentration of sugars in solution by color titration contains copper sulfate, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia in water solution. pa-vez S3,lu-sh3n Pb See lead. 

Furthermore, Boukamp and Adler showed that when the electrodes on opposite sides of a cell are different from each other (as they are in a fuel cell), errors may not only involve a numerical scaling factor but also cross-contamination of anode and cathode frequency response in the measured half-cell impedances. For example. Figure 55a shows the calculated half-cell impedance of the cell idealized in Figure 53a, assuming alignment errors of 1 electrolyte thickness. Significant distortion of the halfcell impedances (Za and Zb) from the actual impedance of the electrodes are apparent, including cross-talk of anode and cathode frequency response (1 and 10 Hz, respectively), as well as a... 

NF = No failures in X = Blister Grade time specified, according conversion Table of ASTM D714 to a numerical scale (5). 

Fig. 6. Simulated plasma drug concentration vs. time curves after intravenous administration (a) showing the j-axis in numeric scale, and (b) showing the curve when the v-axis is converted to logarithmic scale.

Evaluation Methods. In testing paint materials, paints, and other coating materials, the properties or variations in properties often cannot be described quantitatively but must be assessed subjectively. A uniform system of evaluation has been established in the form of a numerical scale to facilitate the assessment of results and mutual understanding. This system should only be used if a result cannot be obtained as a directly measured value. For standards, see Table 1 ( Test evaluation ). 

The pH scale is a numeric scale used to express the acidity of a solution. Mathematically, pH is equal to the negative of the base-10 logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration ... 

Although this equation is rather forbidding, it is actually a familiar equation (5.15) with the new parameters included. Equation (7.8) says that structure factor Fhk[ can be calculated (Fc) as a Fourier series containing one term for each atom j in the current model. G is an overall scale factor to put all Fcs on a convenient numerical scale. In the /th term, which describes the diffractive contribution of atom j to this particular structure factor, n- is the occupancy of atom j f- is its scattering factor, just as in Eq. (5.16) Xj,yjt and zf are its coordinates and Bj is its temperature factor. The first exponential term is the familiar Fourier description of a simple three-dimensional wave with frequencies h, k, and / in the directions x, y, and 7. The second exponential shows that the effect of Bj on the structure factor depends on the angle of the reflection [(sin 0)/X]. 

It is tempting to correlate these E and C parameters with the concept of hard and soft acids and bases (see Section 8.1). This is difficult, however. The idea of hardness implies a single-parameter scale (although no satisfactory numerical scale of hardness/softness has yet been established) while the Drago approach requires two parameters for each acid or base (acceptor or donor). 

It was suggested earlier in this section that oxoacid salts such as CaC03 could be viewed as products of reactions between basic oxides (containing O2- discrete ions) and covalent (molecular/polymeric) oxides in which oxide ions are transferred to form oxo-anions. Analysis of the thermochemistry of such reactions has led to the formulation of a numerical scale of acidity for oxides. In Table 9.1 the acidity parameter a is listed for the most important binary oxides. Highly-negative values indicate a basic oxide, while acidic oxides have positive values. 

Visual comparison of diffraction spots with a graded intensity scale was by far the most used method to quantify intensities. The human eye, which is a very good comparative photometer, can estimate the relative order of blackness of a series of spots with great accuracy, but not on a true numerical scale. The origin of this method is unknown and seems almost intuitive. Many authors (8-13) suggest ways to obtain an intensity scale. 

Now here is the numerical scale you are to use. i ll give you various highlights that identify different degrees of hypnosis on the scale, but report any point on the scale when asked for your state. 

In the typical primary irritation test, the backs of albino rabbits are clipped free of hair and an area of about 5 cm2 on each rabbit is used in the test. This area is then treated with either 0.5 ml or 0.5 g of the compound to be tested and then covered with a gauze pad. The entire trunk of the rabbit is wrapped to prevent ingestion. After 4 to 24 hours the tape and gauze are removed, the treated areas are evaluated for erythematous lesions (redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries) and edematous lesions (accumulation of excess fluid in SC tissue), each of which is expressed on a numerical scale. After an additional 24 to 48 hours, the treated areas are again evaluated. 

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