Mitigation of exposure

Effects specifically related to radium exposure have not been identified. Studies to identify potential biomarkers of radium s subtle effects would be useful as indicators that immediate mitigation of exposure to radium is warranted or that serious effects such as bone cancer may follow. 

Coadministration of dexrazoxane Chelation of iron in the heart, correction of iron dysregulation or mitigation of free radical formation Approved for use in patients who continue DOX above 300 mg/m2 or require another anthracycline after a prior exposure to 300 mg of DOX/m2... 

Data collected in drift studies may later be interpreted in risk assessments in conjunction with toxicity data for specific sensitive areas. Eor example, a risk assessment for determination of appropriate mitigation (if necessary) may include field study data on exposure risk from drift, along with information on other routes of exposure (e.g., dislodgable residues, runoff, etc.) and toxicity data from laboratory and/or field study models. The results of such an assessment may be used to estimate whether a given exposure represents a hazard to any specific entity or ecosystem. 

Individuals and companies that buy insurance products could be stimulated to address climate change-seeking mechanism to facilitate mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to the inevitable impacts of climate change [16]. In addition, the insurance companies themselves are motivated to take significant actions to mitigate GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity to reduce overall uncertainty and other barriers to insurability and are also motivated to limit the insurers potential exposure to catastrophic risks in excess of their capacity to avoid the potential for property and liability claims in excess. 

Mitigation of Effects. Data are needed on mechanisms that may be used to decrease the effects of 1,2-dibromoethane once it has entered the bloodstream. Currently, the only available data are regarding treatment of clinical effects of 1,2-dibromoethane intoxication. Data are also needed on the chronic effects of low-level exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane to assess its long-term effects in humans. 

Process and engineering controls, which are used to control exposures, should be identified. Personal protective equipment (PPE) that will mitigate occupational exposures should be noted and quantitative estimates of exposure with and without the use of PPE should be provided. 

Mitigation of Effects. No information was located concerning mitigation of effects of exposure to 2,3-benzofuran. Information on techniques to mitigate low-level, long-term effects would be useful in determining the safety and effectiveness of possible methods for treating 2,3-benzofuran-exposed populations in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites. 

We conclude by illustrating how our understanding of these chemical processes in our clean and polluted troposphere and stratosphere plays a crucial role in generating the exposure portions of scientific health risk assessments. Such assessments provide the foundation for sound, health-protective and cost-effective strategies for the control of tropospheric ozone, particles, acids, and a spectrum of hazardous air pollutants (including carcinogens and pesticides)—as well as for the mitigation of stratospheric ozone depletion. 

When considering the potential for ecological impacts, understanding exposure is vital. Without exposure (whether release to the environment is intentional or not), there is no risk to ecosystems, regardless of the toxicity of the chemical. Therefore, mitigating possible exposure to toxic compounds, whether through chemical design... 

Hypothetical or potenhal causalities include postulated causalities which have not yet been proven to be related to IAQ. An example is multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Often effects or exposures cannot be quantified, not even by indicators. Toxicological evaluations can only deal with effects and exposures which are quantifiable. Therefore, these undocumented causalities must be defined as hypothetical or potential causalities. Even if some of these effects may be considered adverse or have high prevalence, the present level of knowledge prohibits an official rational preventive action and no official guidelines or recommendations can be established. It should be noted that all new types of IAQ problems start as hypothetical. This group includes many health effects which are potentially important to human health and thus defines the research forefront in IAQ sciences. Table 14.2 shows some examples. Several potential or hypothetical causalities are discussed in the scientific literature. Their relevance to health indoors is unknown and no official recommendations or guidance can be established. Mitigation of indoor climate problems becomes a matter of ad hoc solutions and a major... 

Several potential or hypothetical relevant pollutants are discussed in the scientific literature. Their relevance to health indoors is unknown and no official recommendations or guidance can be established. Mitigation of indoor climate problems become a matter of ad hoc solution and a major research effort is needed to establish facts for these hypothetical effect exposure relations. In the meantime, an ALARA principle should be adopted for these exposures. 

Schulz R. 2004. Field studies on exposure, effects, and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution a review. J Environ Qual 33 419-448. 

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