Minerals sodium fluoride

Cryolite. Cryohte constitutes an important raw material for aluminum manufacturing. The natural mineral is accurately depicted as 3NaF AIF., but synthetic cryohte is often deficient in sodium fluoride. Physical properties are given in Table 4. 

Sodium fluoride is an agent with bone-forming properties. Its use has fallen out of favor after data suggested an increased risk of fracture despite increases in bone mineral density. It is not currently available commercially in the United States. 

The apparatus consists of a 2-1., three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a pressure-equalized dropping funnel through which dry nitrogen can be added, and a reflux condenser, and is to be maintained at 0°. The outlet tube on the reflux condenser leads to a large U-tube trap, fitted with stopcocks on both sides, and immersed in a Dry Ice-isopropyl alcohol bath. The U-trap vents to a mineral oil bubbler. (See Fig. 17.) Sodium fluoride, 454 g. (10.8 mols) is added to the flask followed by approximately 1200 ml. of tetramethylene sulfone. The system is then flushed thor-... 

The commercial product is obtained from naturally occurring mineral fluorspar, which is purified and powdered. Also, it may be precipitated by mixing a solution of sodium fluoride with a soluble calcium salt ... 

A. Okuda, J. Kanehisa, J.N. Heersche, Theeffect of sodium fluoride on the resorptive activity of isolated osteoclasts, J. Bone Miner. Res. 5(suppl.1) (1990) S115-120. 

C.Y.C. Pak, K. Sakhaee, N.H. Bell, A. Licata, C. Johnston, B. Dubin, S. Bonnick, V. Piziak, H. Graham, J. Ballard, R. Berger, W. Fears, N. Breslau, C. Rubin, B. Adams-Huet, Comparison of non- randomized trials with slow-release sodium fluoride with a randomized placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J. Bone Miner. Res. 11 (1996) 160-168. 

Sodium fluoride occurs in combination with some minerals—e.g. cryolite—and the fluorine in many natural waters is probably combined as sodium fluoride. All the five alkali metals form normal fluorides of the type RE and acid fluorides RF.HF, or still higher acid fluorides RF.wHF are known. 

The above sources may also provide trace amounts of minerals other than those listed, such as sodium, fluoride and selenium. 

Sodium fluoride is a crystalline mineral once widely used in the United States for control of larvae and crawling insects in homes, bams, warehouses and other storage areas. It is highly toxic to all plant and animal life. 

Sodium fluoaluminate (sodium aluminofluoride, cryolite) is a stable mineral containing fluoride. It is used as an insecticide on some vegetables and fruits. Cryolite has very low water solubility, does not yield fluoride ions on decomposition, and presents very little toxic hazard to mammals, including man. 

About 15 min after mixing the yeast, sucrose, and phosphate, remove 20 mL of the mixture and place 4 mL in each of five test tubes. To one tube add 1.0 mL of water, to the next add 1.0 mL of 95% ethanol, to thenextadd 1.0 mL of 0.5 M sodium fluoride. Heat the next tube for 5 min in a steam bath and cool the next tube for 5 min in ice. Add 10 to 15 drops of mineral oil on top of the reaction mixture in each tube (to exclude air, since the process is anaerobic). Place tubes in a beaker of water at a temperature of 30°C for 15 min, then take them one at a time and connect each to the manometer as shown in Fig. 3. Allow about 30 s for temperature equilibration, then clamp... 

In a study to simulate conditions in plaque-fluid during an acidic challenge, Lynch et al. [16] placed pre-formed subsurface enamel lesions in a series of acidified methyl cellulose gel systems. The initial calcium, phosphate and fluoride concentrations of the gels were adjusted by the addition of calcium chloride, potassium phosphate and sodium fluoride. Two combinations of calcium and phosphate concentrations (high and low Ca,Pi), three pH values (5.2,5.0 and 4.8) and four fluoride concentrations were used in a 2 3 4 factorial experimental design. Lesion mineral content was assessed radiographically before and... 

Calcitonin therapy results in decreased bone resorption. Osteoclasts have calcitonin receptors and calcitonin inhibits their activity. Sodium fluoride stimulates bone formation by unknown mechanisms. In women with osteoporosis, fluoride therapy produced an increased bone mineral density but no reduction in the rate of vertebral fractures. Other drugs known as selective estrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene, droloxifene, idoxifene, and levormeloxifene) may provide an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy (Chapter 34). Administration of low doses of PTH [or recombinant PTH( 1 -34)] does not affect serum calcium concentration, promotes bone formation, and increases mineral density. This anabolic action of PTH is probably mediated by decreasing osteoblast apoptosis. 

Sodium fluoride occurs naturally as the mineral villiau-mite, although the compound is not produced commercially from that source. Some sodium fluoride is obtained as a byproduct of the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. In that process, apatite (a form of calcium phosphate that also contains fluorides and/or chlorides) is crushed and treated with sulfuric acid (H2S04). The products of that reaction include phosphoric acid (H3P04), calcium sulfate (CaS04),... 

Sodium fluoride (NaF) promotes the proliferation and activity of osteoblasts and is classified as a nonhormonal bone-forming agent. Because treatment with NaF induces bone formation, it is essential that this therapy be coupled with oral calcium supplementation (1,000 mg/day). Additionally, NaF exhibits moderate antiresorptive activity, because it inhibits osteoclastic activity when it is absorbed into the bone matrix. In the treatment of osteoporosis, the therapeutic window for this agent is fairly narrow Doses less than 45 mg/day are subtherapeutic, and doses in excess of 75 mg/day impair bone mineralization. In addition, the bone that is formed in the presence of NaF is neither as well mineralized nor as strong as normal bone tissue. In fact, some... 

Busan 1030 Copper naphthenate Copper 8-qulnollnolate Cupric sulfate pentahydrate DIacetone alcohol, DIdecyIdImonlum chloride Glyceryl losinate Lead naphthenate Magnesium sllbofluorlde Methyl rosinate. Mineral spirits Noramium DA.50 Paraffin-, Pentaerythrltyl hydrogenated rosinate. Sodium chromate Sodium fluoride Tdbutyltln oxide, VM P naphtha Zbc naphthenate... 

In small amounts, the fluoride ion (often consumed as NaF) prevents tooth decay. According to the American Dental Association, an adult female should consume 3.0 mg of fluorine per day. Calculate the amount of sodium fluoride (45.24% F) that a woman should consume to get the recommended amount of fluorine. 78. The iodide ion, usually consumed as potassium iodide, is a dietary mineral essential to good nutrition. In countries where potassium iodide is added to salt, iodine deficiency or goiter has been almost completely eliminated. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 /ig/day. How much potassium iodide (76.45% 1) should you consume to meet the RDA ... 

Spot tests can be applied to investigate the nature of the chemicals used in the preservation of timber (telegraph poles, powerline towers, railway ties, etc.). The mineral salts most commonly used are mercuric chloride, copper sulfate, zinc chloride, sodium fluoride. 

Fluoride ion is commonly used in drinking water supplies and in toothpaste (in the form of sodium fluoride) to prevent tooth decay. The fluoride ions replace hydroxide ions in the enamel mineral hydroxyapatite [Cas(P04)30H, the same mineral as in bone], forming fluoroapatite [Ca5(P04)3Fj. Why does replacing the hydroxide ion with fluoride ion prevent tooth decay How does this relate to the properties of materials used in artificial fillings ... 

There were certain hopes on calcium and magnesium alumina silicate as possible barrier layers, preventing interactions of refractories with electrolyte [194-197]. These minerals are a little more expensive than alumina silica refractories, but the cost is not sufficiently bigger. The basis for these hopes was the fact that the products of interactions of anortite (CaAl2SiOg), forsterite (MgSi04), and ohvinite with sodium fluoride will have the freezing points above 900 °C, and the melts will crystallize [194,195]. 

Many substances are known to act as accelerators for concrete. These include soluble inorganic chlorides, bromides, fluorides, carbonates, thiocyanates, nitrites, nitrates, thiosulfates, silicates, aliuninates, alkali hydroxides, and soluble organic compounds such as triethanolamine, calcium formate, calcium acetate, calcium propionate, and calcium butyrate. Some of them are used in combination with water reducers. Quick setting admixture s used in shotcrete applications and which promote setting in a few minutes may contain sodium silicate, sodium aluminate, aluminum chloride, sodium fluoride, strong alkalis, and calcium chloride. Others are solid admixtures such as calcium aluminate, seeds of finely divided Portland cement, silicate minerals, finely divided magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate. Of these, calcium chloride has been the most widely used because of its ready availability, low cost, predictable performance characteristics, and successful application over several decades.In some countries the use of calcium chloride is prohibited, in some others, such as Canada and the USA, the use of calcium chloride is permitted provided certain precautions are taken. Attempts have continued to find an effective alternative to calcium chloride because of some of the problems associated with its use. 

Light mineral oil Lime, hydrated Sodium fluoride Trisodium phosphate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulfite Soluble Blood Soy flour Wood flour Bentonite Total Dry Parts by Weight Water... 

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