Microspheres encapsulation

Chitosan microsphere-encapsulated human growth hormone seems to be quite effective in early bone consolidation in distraction osteogenesis [342]. 

Zhang, F., Guo, J., Peng, X., Fi, Y. (2004) Preparation and release behaviour of carboxy-methylated chitosan/alginate microspheres encapsulating bovine serum albumin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92, 878-882. 

Intranasal vaccination route has received growing interest for non-invasive immunization. Intranasal immrmization has been quite effective for various vaccine-delivery systems. Both solution and microsphere formulations tend to show good immune responses after intranasal administration. Immunization of mice with tetanus toxoid, in solution and microsphere-encapsulated... 

Microspheres—Very small particles placed in a polymer matrix or a microsphere encapsulation. 

The efficacy of RA in PVR has been evaluated in animal models. A single intravitreal injection of RA used in conjunction with silicone oil reduces the incidence of traction retinal detachment (40). Use of microsphere encapsulation of RA to prolong the intravitreal half-life reduced the incidence of PVR in the rabbit model by 64% (41). Intravitreal RA suspended in 1% sodium hyaluronate has also been studied in a rabbit model of PVR and has similar inhibitory effect on PVR progression. The authors suggested that in cases in which silicone oil was not necessary, sodium hyaluronate could be used as an RA vehicle, though transient elevations of intraocular pressure could be expected (42). 

Malaekeh-Nikouei M, Tabassi SAS, Jaafari MR (2008) Preparation, characterization, and mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-coated microspheres encapsulated with cyclosporine A. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34 492 98... 

Studying the use of microspheres encapsulated with glucose oxidase (GOX) for MDR cancer treatment [115], We found that cancer cells can be extensively killed by the reactive oxidative species generated by the encapsulated GOX enzyme. The most appealing feature of this therapy is that the GOX-mediated cytotoxic effect is essentially unaffected by the MDR phenotype (Fig. 4). Further studies will be conducted to optimize this strategy. 

Prolidase PEGA microspheres Encapsulation Enzyme replacement therapy [25]... 

Jeong YI, Song JG, Kang SS, Ryu HH, Lee YH, Choi C et al. Preparation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres encapsulating all-trans retinoic acid. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. June 18, 2003 259(l-2) 79-91. PubMed PMID 12787638. 

Andrieu-Soler, C. Aubert-Pouessel, A. Doat, M. Picaud, S. Halhal, M. Simonutti, M. Venier-Julienne, M.C. Benoit, J.P Behar-Cohen, F. Intravitreous injection of PLGA microspheres encapsulating GDNF promotes the survival of photoreceptors in the rdl/rdl mouse. Mol. Vision 2005,11,1002-1011. 

Santiago, N., Milstein, S., Rivera, T., Garcia, E., Zaidi, T., Hong, H., and Bucher, D., 1993, Oral immunization of rats with proteinoid microspheres encapsulating influenza vims antigens, Pharm. Res. 10 1243-1247. 

Another approach is to use thermoplastic microspheres encapsulating a gas, in unexpanded or pre-expanded form. When heated (usually at about 100°C), the... 

Chitosan has also been found to be beneficial in formulation development of delivery systems for local or systemic administration of drug through the rectal route. Chitosan microspheres encapsulating diclofenac sodium incorporated in hydrogels have been designed for efficient rectal administration [126]. Quaternized derivative of chitosan. 

Fig. 2.11 SEM images of lysozyme microspheres encapsulated liquid flowing from a broken microsphere middle) and hoUow shell right) following Uquid removal...

Expandable microspheres can also be used. They are thermoplastic microspheres encapsulating a gas. They are used for foamed items and for weight reduction. The recent developments in microspheres include Ecosphere hollow glass microballons from Emerson Cuming for highly filled PP. 

Recently, studies with the biodegradable polyester poly(DL-lactide-c )-glycolide) (PLGA) showed that PLGA microspheres encapsulating NF-kB decoy ODN were... 

Tafeghodl M, Tabasi SAS, Jaafari MR (2006]. Formulation, characterization and release studies of alginate microspheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 17(8], 909-924. 

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