Microscopic Characterisation

A. Gupper, Doctoral Thesis Enhanced Applications of Microscopic Characterisation Techniques in Materials Science, Graz University of Technology, 2003. 

Clausen. C., "Electron Microscopical Characterisation of Interfaces in SOFC Materials", PhD-thesis, Ris0-R 626(EN) (1992). 

No.21, 1997, p.1387-409 BV-VIVO DEGRADATION OF POLYURETHANES TRANSMISSION-FTIR MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISATION OF POLYURETHANES SECTIONED BY CRYOMICROTOMY... 

Fou] Fourlaris, G., Baker, A. J., Papadimitriou, G.D., Microscopic Characterisation of epsilon-Cu... 

Montemor M. F. andFerreiraM. G. S. (2007b), Analytical and microscopic characterisation of modified bis-[triethoxysilylpropyl] tetrasulfide silane films on magnesium AZ31 substrates ,Prag. Org. Coat, 60,228-37. 

Adriano, P., Silva, A. S., Veiga, R., Mirao, J. Candeias, A. E. (2009). Microscopic characterisation of old mortars from the Santa Maria Church in Evora, Materials Characterization, Vol. 60, No. 7, pp. 610-620, ISSN 1044-5803... 

A constitutive equation is a relation between the extra stress (t) and the rate of deformation that a fluid experiences as it flows. Therefore, theoretically, the constitutive equation of a fluid characterises its macroscopic deformation behaviour under different flow conditions. It is reasonable to assume that the macroscopic behaviour of a fluid mainly depends on its microscopic structure. However, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to establish exact quantitative... 

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) with their variants (scanning transmission microscopes, analytical microscopes, high-resolution microscopes, high-voltage microscopes) are now crucial tools in the study of materials crystal defects of all kinds, radiation damage, ofif-stoichiometric compounds, features of atomic order, polyphase microstructures, stages in phase transformations, orientation relationships between phases, recrystallisation, local textures, compositions of phases... there is no end to the features that are today studied by TEM. Newbury and Williams (2000) have surveyed the place of the electron microscope as the materials characterisation tool of the millennium . 

It may be that in years to come, interatomic potentials can be estimated experimentally by the use of the atomic force microscope (Section 6.2.3). A first step in this direction has been taken by Jarvis et al. (1996), who used a force feedback loop in an AFM to prevent sudden springback when the probing silicon tip approaches the silicon specimen. The authors claim that their method means that force-distance spectroscopy of specific sites is possible - mechanical characterisation of the potentials of specific chemical bonds . 

Structural variations may be also produced at the microscopical scale and are able to produce significant improvements in our understanding of stressor effects. Observation of the biofilm architecture and characterisation of the different fractions (i.e. algae, bacteria, mucopolysaccharides) may be useful to identify particular effects of toxicants to selective components of the biofilm. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy remains promising [25]. 

Another polymer symposia was organised by IUPAC in 1947 in Liege. At this conference, the discussion included synthesis and technology of polymers like polyethylene, nylon, polyester. New characterisation methods such as x-ray scattering, x-rays, electron microscope, osmometry, nmr, IR, Raman spectroscopy, etc. were now available for characterisation of polymers. These methods become essential because of increasing complexity of new polymers. 

At the same time, one should notice that the real catalysts are applied in the gas/liquid environments at usually an increased temperature so that dynamic structural evolution of a real catalyst would not be probed in a conventional electron microscope. To bridge the gap, in situ environmental electron microscope is developed by placing a micoreactor inside the column of an electron microscope to follow catalytic reaction processes [58-62], However, the specimen in an in situ TEM may suffer from interaction with ionised gas (plasma), making the interpretation of in situ TEM study of catalytic reaction more complicated. Characterisation of static, post-reaction catalysts is still the most commonly used. Well-designed model catalysts and reasonable interpretation of the results are essential to a successful study. 

This approximation, known as the "ratio method" (16), is particularly attractive for applications in solid-state chemistry because it should apply under the normal working conditions of a transmission electron microscope. If the approximation holds, then a determination of k using any well-characterised compound containing x and y will then afford a simple method for measuring the x y ratio in any other compound. This approach will be illustrated below with the results obtained for some standards... 

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