Microorganisms distribution

Gunatilaka AAL, Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms Distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implications of their occurrence, J AhrPwi/69 509—526, 2006. 

Gunatilaka AA. Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and imph-cations of their occurrence. J. Nat. Prod. 2006 69 509-526. Porter JK. Ergot alkaloids and alkaloids from other endophytes, responsible for causing toxic syndrome in cattle after eating contaminated grass. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 1993 29 51-55. Porter JK. Analysis of endophyte toxins fescue and other grasses toxic to livestock. J. Anim. Sci. 1995 73 871-880. 

MASTER SEED LOT A culture of a microorganism distributed from a single bulk into containers in a single operation in such a manner as to ensure uniformity, to prevent contamination and to ensure stability. A master seed lot in liquid form is usually stored at or below -70°C. A freeze-dried master seed tat is stored at a temperature known to ensure stability. 

The package must contain the product, exclude air, and withstand heat. It also must maintain a hermetic seal throughout distribution and ensure that no microorganisms can re-enter the package. 

Glutamic acid dehydrogenase is widely distributed in microorganisms and higher plants as a catalyst in the synthesis of L-glutamic acid from a-ketoglutaric acid and free ammonia. Transaminase is contained in a wide variety of microorganisms. 

In Situ Bioremediation. In situ bioremediation can be an aerobic or anaerobic process, or a combination of the two. In designing an in situ bioremediation system, one should consider the types of microorganisms available (naturally in place or added), the stmctural and chemical makeup of the soil matrix, types of contaminants, oxygen and nutrient addition and distribution, and temperature. These factors are discussed prior to introducing the individual techniques for in situ bioremediation. 

Table 2. Classification and Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in Microorganisms ...

In the holding section of a continuous sterilizer, correct exposure time and temperature must be maintained. Because of the distribution of residence times, the actual reduction of microbial contaminants in the holding section is significantly lower than that predicted from plug flow assumption. The difference between actual and predicted reduction in viable microorganisms can be several orders of magnitude therefore, a design based on ideal flow conditions may fail. 

The HVAC system also acts as a pollutant source when it is not maintained properly. Microorganisms breed in various environments present within components (e.g., cooling coils, ducts) of the system and may be distributed throughout the building. Improper maintenance of filters leads to loss of efficiency and re-emission of contaminants. 

Pantothenic acid is found in extracts from nearly all plants, bacteria, and animals, and the name derives from the Greek pantos, meaning everywhere. It is required in the diet of all vertebrates, but some microorganisms produce it in the rumens of animals such as cattle and sheep. This vitamin is widely distributed in foods common to the human diet, and deficiencies are only observed in cases of severe malnutrition. The eminent German-born biochemist Fritz Lipmann was the first to show that a coenzyme was required to facilitate biological acetylation reactions. (The A in... 

The rate of product formation, rfi, depends upon the state of the cell population, environmental condition, temperature, pH, media composition and morphology with cell age distribution of the microorganism.2 3 A similar balance can be formulated for microbial biomass and cell concentration. The exponential phase of the microbial growth in a batch culture is defined by ... 

In food processing, it is a process condition that renders a processed food product essentially free of microorganisms capable of growing in the food in un-refrigerated distribution and storage conditions. The aseptic food packaging include film pouches and presterilized molded containers that are filled with aseptic foods, then hermetically sealed in a commercially sterile atmosphere. 

If microorganisms are able to survive and grow within phagocytes then they will escape many of the other body defences and be distributed around the body. 

Many failures in pharmaceutical processing have arisen because of the inability of those responsible for its design to be aware of the distribution and survival potential of microorganisms in the environment and in the raw materials and equipment used in a pharmaceutical factory. 

The first chapter in this section provides a unique account of the ecology, i.e. distribution, survival and life-style, of microorganisms in the factory environment, and should enable process designers, controllers and quality control personnel to comprehend, trace and eradicate the sources of failure due to extraneous microbial contaminants in the finished product. Much of the information given here is applicable to hospital manufacture also, and this is extended in a contribution (Chapter 19) dealing with contamination in hospital pharmaceutical products and in the home. 

As it leaves the still, distilled water is flee fixm microorganisms, and contamination occurs as a result of a fault in the cooling system, the storage vessel or the distribution system. The flora of contaminated distilled water is usually Gram-negative bacteria and since it is introduced after a sterilizahon process, it is often a pure culture. A level of organism up to 10 mH has been recorded. 

In a multiphase formulation, such as an oil-in-water emulsion, preservative molecules will distribute themselves in an unstable equilibrium between the bulk aqueous phase and (i) the oil phase by partition, (ii) the surfactant micelles by solubilization, (iii) polymeric suspending agents and other solutes by competitive displacement of water of solvation, (iv) particulate and container surfaces by adsorption and, (v) any microorganisms present. Generally, the overall preservative efficiency can be related to the small proportion of preservative molecules remaining unbound in the bulk aqueous phase, although as this becomes depleted some slow re-equilibration between the components can be anticipated. The loss of neutral molecules into oil and micellar phases may be favoured over ionized species, although considerable variation in distribution is found between different systems. 

---