Microcolumns in liquid chromatography

Throughout the development of HPLC workers have strived to improve chromatographic performance by either increasing the efficiency of separation. 

The quest for improved efficiency provides the continuing impetus to the study of reduced diameter columns, and though still in their early stage of development, these new column technologies are having considerable influence on the practice of HPLC [104,105]. The incentive for the development of microcolumns for HPLC lies in the various practical advantages they have over standard analytical columns [106]  

Four main categories of microcolumn types can be distinguished [110] open tubular [111] packed open tubular [112] microbore and narrow microbore [113]. The principal features of these column types are outlined in Table 6.11. 

Column type Material of construction Column i.d. (pm) Particle size (pm) Column length (m) Flow-rate (pi min ) 

Narrow microbore Fused silica Stainless steel 100-200 3 0.1 20 0.1-20 

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Guiochon, G., Conventional packed columns vs. packed or open mbular microcolumns in liquid chromatography. Arud. Chem. 1981, 53(9), 1318-1325. 

Novotny M (1981). Microcolumns in liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 53(12) 1294A-1308A. 

V. L. McGuffin, C. E. Evans and S. H. Chen, Direct examination of separation processes in liquid-chromatography effect of temperature and pressure on solute retention , J. Microcolumn Sep. 5 3-10 (1993). 

Karlsson, K.-E., Cationization in electrospray microcolumn liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, /. Chromatogr. A, 794, 359, 1998. 

Enami, T. and Nagae, N., UV absorption detection with a packed flow cell in microcolumn liquid chromatography, Am. Lab., 30(24), 1998. 

Shahgholi, M. Ohorodnik, S. Callahan, J. H. Fox, A. Trace detection of underiva-tized muramic acid in environmental dust samples by microcolumn liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1956-1960. 

Yeung, E. S. Optical detectors for microcolumn liquid chromatography, in Microcolumn Separations (ed.) Novotny, M. V., Ishii, D., Vol 30, p. 135, Amsterdam—Oxford—New York— Tokyo, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1985... 

M. Novotny, Recent advances in microcolumn liquid chromatography , Anal. Chem. 60 500A (1988). 

J. Staniewski, H.G. Janssen, C. A. Cramers and J. A. Rijks, Programmed-temperature injector for large-volume sample introduction in capillary gas chromatography and for liquid chromatography-gas chromatography interfacing , J. Microcolumn Sep. 4 331-338(1993). 

Karlsson and Novotny [12] introduced the concept of nanoliquid chromatography in 1988. The authors reported that the separation efficiency of slurry packed liquid chromatography microcolumns (44 xm, id) was very high. Since then, many advance have been reported in this modality of chromatography and it has been used as a complementary and/or competitive separation method to conventional chromatography. Unfortunately, to date no correct and specific definition of this technique has been proposed, probably due to the use of varied column sizes (10 to 140 xm). Some definitions of nanoliquid chromatography are found in the literature based on column diameter and mobile... 

Andrievskii, E., Y. Matveev, V. Salnikow, and M. Lunev (1989). Determination of residual quantities of atrazine in the soil using Milichrome microcolumn liquid chromatography. Agrokhimiya, (4) 108-112. 

Jinno, K., Nakanishi, S. and Fujimoto, C. (1985) Direct sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometric detection in microcolumn liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 57, 2229-2235. 

Munaf, E., H. Haraguchi, D. Ishii, T. Takeuchi, and M. Goto. 1990. Speciation of mercury compounds in waste water by microcolumn liquid chromatography using a preconcentration column with cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 235 399 404. 

U.A.Th. Brinkman, Verification of nonproduction of chemical warfare agents II. Large volume injections in microcolumn liquid chromatography using flame photometric detection, J. Microcol. Sep., 4, 477-483 (1992). 

E.W. Hooijschuur, C.E. Kientz and U.A. Brink-man, Application of microcolumn liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with flame photometric detection for the screening of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water and soil, J. Chromatogr. A, 928, 187-199 (2001). 

R. A. Hartwick and D. D. Dezaro, in P. Kucera, Ed., Microcolumn High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 

In a study presented by Jinno et al. [124], packed column capillary electrochromatography, open-tubular CEC, and microcolumn liquid chromatography using a cholesteryl silica bonded phase have been studied to compare the retention behavior for benzodiazepines. The results indicated that CEC was a promising method, as it yielded better resolution and faster analysis than microcolumn LC for benzodiazepines. Similar selectivity to HPLC was noted, except for a few solutes that were charged under the separation conditions. Columns packed with the ODS and cholesteryl phases were compared and showed totally different migration orders of the analytes. The retention on the cholesteryl silica sta-... 

Rong, L. and Takeuchi, T. 2004. Determination of iodide in seawater and edible salt by microcolumn liquid chromatography with poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phase. Journal of Chromatography A, 1042 131-5. 

Hsieh, S., Dreisewerd, K., Van der Schoors, R.C., Jimenez, C.R., Stahl-Zeng, J., Hillenkamp, F., Jorgenson, J.W., Geraerts, W.P.M. and Li, K.W. (1998) Separation and identification of peptides in single neurons by microcolumn liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and postsource decay analysis. Anal. Chem. 70, 1847-1852. 

Patrick, D.W. Strand, D.A. Cortes, H.J. Automation and optimization of multidimensional microcolumn size exclusion chromatography-liquid chromatography for the analysis of photocrosslinkers in Cyclotene 400 series advanced electronic resins. J. Sep. Sci. 2002, 25, 519-526. 

Saito, Y., Ohta, H., Terasaki, H., et al. (1995). Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a Cgg bonded silica phase in microcolumn liquid chromatography. J. High-Res. Chromatogr., 18, 569-72. 

S. Tsuge, New approaches to interfacing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In Microcolumn Separations" M. V. Novotny and D. Ishii... 

Komarova, N.I. Krylova, N.S. Lushanova, G.I. Chimitova, T..A. Chernyshev, V.V. Determination of antibacterial drugs in blood serum and urine by microcolumn hi -performance liquid chromatography. I. Ampicillin. Farmakol.Toksikol.(Moscow), 1991, 54, 65-67 Zhao, C. He, C. Zhao, H. Xie, J. Wu, Q. HPLC determination of ampicillin in mnne. Shenyang Yaox-ueyuan Xuebao, 1990, 7, 1-4... 

Sukhanov, A.V. Shoikhet, I.N. [The determination of cyclosporin A concentration in whole blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography on the Milikhrom-1 microcolumn chromatograph]. Klin.Lab.Diagn., 1993,, 7-9... 

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