Technology developments, micro

In this chapter we examine the processes that have been developed to produce micro-organisms as a source of food protein. We will examine the reasons why micro-organisms have been considered as alternative protein sources, the substrates on which they have been grown, the various process technologies developed and the comparative economics of these processes. One process will be examined in depth, to illustrate how a team composed of such diverse people as microbiologists, process engineers, patent lawyers and cost analysts work together to develop a marketable product. 

Although a clear objechve, extreme AO at visible wavelength will certainly require more technology development, delaying its implementation to later stages. MOEMS (Micro-Opto-Electronical Mechanical devices) constitute a promising avenue, however not the only one (see Ch. 10). Piezo-stacks, combined with thin shells and moderate segmentahon in a pupil, may offer a more conservahve baseline. 

So far, micro-reactor developments apart from pTAS sector have not been used to a great extent for analytical purposes. Merging this technology base with that of pTAS devices, e.g. for hybrid assemblies, could have some potential. 

Manufacturing information systems for real-time process control in the lab and for efficient statistical process control, as well as the right number of lab trials, limits information losses between the plant and the labs. Parallel synthesis, such as units with online analytics in the lab, and the use of new technologies such as Micro Reaction Technology developed by Clariant and a few other companies for application in production mean a step change in reproducibility. 

Microscopy in the infrared range is a rapidly developing technique which has many applications. In combination with Raman microscopy, it is used in micro technology, biology and medicine, and in product and environmental control (Sec. 3.5.3.3). 

Microreactor technology is a tool used by most large chemical and pharmaceutical companies and also by some SMEs. Various examples are discussed by Hessel et al. [176], based on the collaboration of the Institute for Micro-Technology at Mainz (Germany) with various companies. We recall here some relevant cases to further evidence how microreactors are not more only at a laboratory-scale stage of development, even though most of the applications are stUl on a small-size scale. 

Micro-arrays can be manufactured in two different ways, by synthesis in situ or by delivery. In the in situ synthesis approach, nucleic acids are synthesized directly on a chip surface. This is made possible by a light-directed chemical synthesis technology developed by scientists at Affymetrix. By using different sets of photolithographic masks, scientitsts can define the chip exposure sites and, thereby, the sequence of the oligonucleotides. In this way, arrays can be synthesized with up to 400,000 different oligonucleotides in an area of 1.6 cm. Every spot contains about... 

Materials Technology Development, Advanced Micro Devices,... 

A variety of different kinds of fuel cells are already commercially available in portable micro-electronic applications, as APUs and for stationary power. Whether they will become the dominant technology in any of these fields, and whether the FC concerned will use hydrogen or some other fuel, is still unclear. What is clear is that these applications in themselves offer few benefits beyond those to their private producers and users (though they may stimulate technological developments that have public benefits, such as FCVs). They are not likely to get significant support from public policy and will need to succeed in market terms. 

Note that the micro SOFC stacks can be flexibly designed depending upon application use using the fabrication technology developed in this study. 

Heat transfer problems are commonplace in modem science and engineering, and their solutions have led to a long list of technological developments, many of which have played a major role in transportation, communications, consumer electronics, and personal computing, among many other areas. Today, with the strong downward trend in the size of electronic components down to micro- and nanoscales, combined with the upward trend in their heat tolerance demand, innovations in heat transfer solutions continue to become more and more relevant. A number... 

Pettman, G.R. and Mannix, C.J., Efficient serial propagation of W138 cells on porous micro-carriers (Cultispher GL), in Animal Cell Technology Developments, Processes and Products, Spier, R.E., Griffiths J.B., and MacDonald, C., Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1992, pp. 508-510. 

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