Micro-satellites

Escamilla et al. (86), in a study of bipolar mood disorder in an isolated population from Costa Rica, using micro satellite markers spaced 6cM intervals across chromosome 18, concluded that LD methods will be useful in this case in a larger sample. The Finnish and Costa Rican populations are considered ideal, since they are relatively homogeneous and show LD over a wider recombination distance than other populations. However, LD is routinely seen for closely linked loci and around disease genes in all populations. With sufficiently closely linked markers, including haplotype level analyses (61,62), association mapping should be a powerful and informative approach in many, and possibly most, populations (57). 

Methods using DNA sequences from the Ml 3 phage are used very successfully in diverse organisms. Oligonucleotide probes for the simple repeats of micro-satellite DNA are also extensively used. 

Moreover, there is a current need of miniaturized propulsion system for widening the capabilities of low cost micro-satellites. Recently, the development of a turbo-pump fed miniature rocket engine has been proposed as a new propulsion system for micro-satellites (10 to 100 kg) [6] the bipropellant tlmister uses 70 wt.-% H2O2 as oxidizer and ethanol as fuel. The engine displays four sub-components (i) two propellant micro-pumps, (ii) a HP decomposition chamber, (iii) a turbine coupled to an electric power generator and driven by the hot gas released from HP decomposition, and (iv) a thruster for the combustion reaction. 

Proschowsky et al. (2000) have developed a diagnostic test based on the micro satellite marker C04107 for copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers described by Yuzbasiyan et al. (1997). Until now, this test has to be considered the best tool that breeders of Bedlington terriers can use in the eradication of copper toxicosis, as surveys carried out so far have indicated that the genetic basis for the disease is similar both in Europe and in the USA. 

There are three additional problems in delving into these micro satellite positions and codes. The first is that the microsatellite loci can have a number of forms in some groups but only one in other groups. The second issue is that the mutation rate is not uniform but varies considerably from locus to locus. 

Rotation Modulation Collimators (RMC s) were originally introduced in X-ray astronomy to provide accurate source localizations over extended fields. This role has since been taken over by the grazing incidence telescope systems. The potential of the RMC s as wide field monitors have recently been demonstrated by the WATCH instruments on GRAN AT and EURECA. It now appears likely, that for use on large, 3-axis stabilized spacecraft, a pinhole camera system may provide better sensitivity than an RMC-system of corresponding physical dimensions. But due to its simplicity, low data rate, and ability to work on spin stabilized (micro)satellites, the RMC wide field monitor may still have a role to play in the X-ray astronomy of the future. 

Systems Mainly small air vehicles such as micro aerial vehicles (MAV), uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) or micro-satellites, which are less constrained with regard to design specifications and regulations and as such more flexible in terms of integrating advanced sensing and actuation technologies. 

FIGURE 2.13 Sponge used in the Micro-satellite Technology Experiment. Source From Jaekle. 

Osborn, M., Clauss, C., Gorin, B., Netwall, C., 2007. Micro-Satellite Technology Experiment (MiTEx) upper stage propulsion system development. In AIAA-2007-5434,43rd Joint Propulsion Conference, Cincinnati, OH, July 8 11. 

Collevatti, R.G., Grattapaglia, D., and Hay, J.D., Population genetic structure of the endangered tropical tree species Caryocar brasiliense, based on variability at micro satellite loci. Mol Ecol., 10, 349, 2001. 

The UPMSat-2 is a project aimed at developing an experimental micro-satellite conducted by several UPM research groups. The project is leaded by the IDR institute, which has wide experience in this kind of systems, having led different successful projects as UPMSat-1. 

UPMSat-2 is characterised as a micro-satellite of an approximate mass of 50 kg and an external dimensions of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.6 m. The general structure of the satellite platform is shown in figure 1. The satellite has a low Earth noon sim-synchronous polar orbit [6] with a period about 97 min. Describing this orbit, the satellite will have two visibility periods from the ground station every 24 hours, each of them up to 10 minutes. 

As stated in the introduction to this chapter, artificial satelhtes are a very diverse family in terms of missions and physical characteristics (from a few centimeters to over 10 meters, from a kilogram to about 10 tons). We will discuss here the classic satellites, which are larger than what are usually called mini-satellites or micro-satellites, or even nano-satelhtes. 

Viard, F., Y.A. El-Kassaby and K. Ritland. 2001. Diversity and genetic structure in populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pinaceae) at chloroplast micro satellite loci. Genome 44 336-344. 

Hicks, M., D. Adams, S. O Keefe, E. Macdonald and R. Hodgetts. 1998. The development of RAPD and micro satellite markers in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Genome 41 797-805. 

Hodgetts, R.B., M.A. Aleksiuk, A. Brown, C. Clarke, E. MacDonald, S. Nadeem and D. Khasa. 2001. Development of micro satellite markers for white spruce Picea glauca) and related species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102 1252-1258. 

Li, C., Erwin, A., Pap, D., Coleman, C., Higgins, A.D., Kiss, E., Kozma, R, Hoffmann, S., Ramming, D.W., Kovacs, L.G., 2013. Selection for Runl-Renl dihybrid grapevines using micro satellite markers. Am. J. Enol Vitic 64, 152-155. 

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