Micro manufacturing process

Krtschil U, Hessel V, Kralisch D, Kreisel G, Ktipper M, Schenk R (2006) Cost analysis of a commercial manufacturing process of a fine chemical using micro process engineering. Chimia 60 611-617... 

At this point, the final specifications for the one or two chosen product(s) after selection process should be identified. This can be done using a three-step procedure. First, we define the product micro and macrostructure. Second, we rank the product s most important attributes, an effort that forces a review of how the product will be used. Third, we review any chemical triggers, that is, chemical stimuli which cause major changes in product properties. Finally, we turn to the manufacture itself, which relies on technical know-how of thermodynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, and unit operations. Some of these ideas are illustrated in the following example. Except for a schematic of the manufacturing process, the many details related to the manufacturing plant are omitted in this discussion. 

CFR211.46 states that a) Adequate ventilation shall be provided, b) Equipment for adequate control over air pressure, micro-organisms, dust, humidity, and temperature shall be provided when appropriate for the manufacture, processing, packaging, or holding of a drug product, c) Air filtration system, including prefilters and particulate matter air filters, shall be used when appropriate on air suppliers to production areas. ... 

Wright of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. discusses the use of Raman spectroscopy to measure the integrity of a film on semiconductor wafers during manufacture in US patent 6,50 9,201.87 The Raman measurements are made during the manufacturing process and can be considered an on-line system. Unlike many process Raman installations, this one is based on micro-Raman, where a microscope is used to focus the laser beam to a spot only a few micrometers in diameter. The Raman data is combined with other measurements, such as scatterometry, to calculate a stress level and compare it to... 

The scale of the sample micro-calorimetry (mg), macro-calorimetry (g), preparative or bench scale (hg-kg). This classification is essentially useful when the amount of available reactants is limited, or when dangerous reactions have to be studied. In such a case, using only small amounts allows one to run the experiments safely. Of course, larger scales perform more realistic experiments in the sense that they mimic the manufacturing process. 

Additional information on elastomer and SAN micro structure is provided by 13C-nmr analysis (100). Rubber particle composition may be inferred from glass-transition data provided by thermal or meclianochemical analysis. Rubber particle morphology as obtained by transmission or scanning electron microscopy (101) is indicative of the ABS manufacturing process (77). (See Figs. 1 and 2.)... 

The heat treatment of cream plays a decisive role in the butter-manufacturing process and the eventual quality of the butter. It is important that milk and cream be handled in the gentlest possible way to avoid mechanical damage to the fat, a serious problem in continuous manufacture (Fritz process) of butter (80). Cream is pasteurized or heat treated for the following reasons to destroy pathogenic micro-organisms and reduce the number of bacteria, to deactivate enzymes, to liquify the fat for subsequent control of crystalhzation, and to provide partial elimination of undesirable volatile flavors. 

There is a millennium of history of enzyme application in the improvement of food. Cheese production, the production of seasoning sauces, fermentation of raw sausages, tea and tabacco fermentation are only a few examples. In all these cases enzymes have been applied as a part of the living enzyme containing micro-organisms. Today many of those enzymes are characterized and available as pure substances in high concentration. They facilitate a precise operation and safe control of the manufacturing process. 

When the total device thickness is to remain in the micrometre regime, and a sizeable surface enlargement is to be obtained, the feature size of the substrate structure needs to be in the micrometre region or below. One is hence looking for substrate structures that provide a micro- or nano-scale pattern. For photovoltaic applications this pattern, and the necessary manufacturing processes, must be extendable over very large areas. New deposition techniques which provide... 

Environmental Assessment System (EASY) Assesses environmental impact and implications of manufacturing processes to achieve waste reduction (in use) KEE LISP Micro E. Venkataramani/Merck Co., Inc. 25... 

K. Nunan et ah, Developing a manufacturable process for the deposition of thick polysilicon films for micro machined devices, Proc. 11th Annual IEEE/ SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference and Workshop (ASMC), September 2000. 

Staff who have been engaged in the processing of animal tissue materials or of cultures of micro-organisms other than those used in the current manufacturing process should not enter sterile-product areas unless rigorous and clearly defined entry procedures have been followed. 

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