Methacrylamide monomers

These observations are also consistent with results of Drahem and Ritter on the polymerization of methacrylamide monomers carrying four and eight peripheral ester functions dendritically bound to an L-aspartic acid chiral center [112]. 

Methacrylamide monomers were chosen due to their hydrolytic stability, structural similarity to amino acids found in naturally occurring AMP, incorporation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, and pKa values. APMA was chosen due to its similarity to lysine. While ionic bonding facilitates initial polymer-cell interactions, it is the hydrophobic substituents that act to disrupt the lipid membrane of bacteria. DMAPMA and DEAPMA were chosen due to their hydrophobic dimethyl and diethyl amino groups, respectively. Copolymers were formed by copolymerising APMA with DMAPMA and APMA with DEAPMA at varying ratios. 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt consisting of vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide monomers Uses Antistat, film-former, conditioner in cosmetics... 

Methacrylamide monomers were also considered (Scheme 2.2). 2-Metha-crylamidoethylphosphonic acid was prepared from the expensive (2-ami-noethyl)phosphonic acid in one step. Other monomers (Scheme 2.2, monomers 1 and 2) were synthesized from bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. The ring-opening of epoxides was achieved with aqueous ammonia at high temperature and pressure and the subsequent reaction with diethyl (2-bromoethyl)phosphonate led either to mono- or disubstituted product. Targeted monomers were finally obtained after (i) reaction with methacryloyl chloride and (ii) hydrolysis of the phosphonated ester groups. 

Scheme 2.2 Phosphonic acid-containing methacrylamide monomers used to achieve photopolymerization and free radical polymerization in the case of monomers (3) and (4).

This is introduced using acrylamide or methacrylamide monomers. Once this was the most commonly encountered method of buiMng a cross-linkable polymer system. However, with the advent of a wider range of commercially available functional monomers the use of acrylamide and methacrylamide is now not so prevalent in polymers for surface coating application. 

Unimer micelles are functionalized with Abz moieties by terpolymeri-zation employing Abz-substituted methacrylamide monomers, which include A -lauryl-4- [4-(methacryloylamino)phenyl]azo benzamide [Abz(La)MAm] and N-cyclododecy 1 - 4 - [4 - (methacryloylamino)phenyl]azo benzamide... 

The amount of polar monomer one would copolymerize with the alkyl acrylate monomer(s) very much depends on the type of polar monomer and the desired change in rheological properties one would like to achieve. Strong hydrogen bonding monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, or methacrylamide are typically used at levels of 12% or less of the total monomers. 

Most other hydrophilic monomers inclined to radical polymerization (methacrylamide, methacrylic acid, N-vinylpyrrolidone, aminoalkyl and hydroxyalkyl methacrylates) do not form hydrogels with high swellability in water. 

A polymeric composition for reducing fluid loss in drilling muds and well cement compositions is obtained by the free radical-initiated polymerization of a water-soluble vinyl monomer in an aqueous suspension of lignin, modified lignins, lignite, brown coal, and modified brown coal [705,1847]. The vinyl monomers can be methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, vinylacetate, methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, N-methylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, vinyl sulfonate, and additional AMPS. In this process a grafting process to the coals by chain transfer may occur. 

Monomers like N-methylol acrylamide or N-methylol methacrylamide [1081] also have been suggested. Inhibitors can be phenol derivatives [1079] such as N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine salt [1179]. 

Figure 17-24. Monomers in a copolymer for viscosifying diesel N,N-dimethyl-acrylamide and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide.

Hydrophobic polymers with some hydrophilic groups can be obtained with an emulsion polymerization technique. Suitable monomers are nitrogen-containing acrylics and methacrylics allyl monomers such as dimethylamino-ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, diethylamino-ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate and nitrogen-containing allyl monomers (e.g., diallylamine and N,N-diallyl-cyclohexylamine) [225,226]. 

Figure 22-5. Acrylic monomers for demulsifiers dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-diallylcyclohexylamine, diallylamine.

In the condensation of methacrylic acid and N-dansylethylenediamine to give the corresponding methacrylamide in 19% yield (part of the monomer polymerized during the purification process), the methacryloylimidazole prepared from the acid with CDI proved to be more efficient than methacryloyl chloride [36]... 

Free-radical multicomponent copolymerization of dialkylstannyl maleates or dialkylstannyl dimethacrylates with methallyl alcohol (or (J-hydroxyalkyl acrylates) and vinyl monomers (sryrene, methacrylic acid or methacrylamide) yields polymeric powders. Due to their storage and thermal stability and impact strength they are used as protective coatings 79). 

For this reaction, soluble monomers are needed, e.g. a mixture of N AT-methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker, methacrylamide as an inert comonomer, methacrylic acid as ionic comonomer for stabilization [309] and methacryl ami-do-AT-acetaldehyde-dimethylacetal as functional comonomer. The coupling with proteins is only possible if the free aldehyde groups are accessible, i.e. if they are not located in the interior of the microgel. This condition can only be fulfilled by a careful choice of the comonomer composition in the reaction mixture [291]. 

Al-Hydroxymethyl methacrylamide, copolymerization with acrylic monomers, l 380t Hydroxymethylphenols, 12 111 Hydroxy-naphthoic acid (HNA),... 

HPMA [36] and a vinyl metal-chelating monomer A-(A/, A/ -dicarboxy-methylaminopropyl)methacrylamide synthesized [35]. Chemical structures of HPMA and DAMA are given in Figure 4. Poly(HPMA-co-DAMA) was prepared by free radical copolymerization in methanol with AIBN as initiator. Molecular weight distribution was determined by size exclusion chromatography and content of side-chain carboxylic group by acid-base titration. 

Polymers can be made by vibromilling of some monomers with steel balls. No initiators are needed. Kramer effect, that is, the action of the electron stream developed by mechanoemission during vibratory milling initiates the polymerization. On vibratory milling, acryl and methacrylamides give anion-radicals, which are key species in the reaction (Simonescn et al. 1983) ... 

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