Kramers effect

SPENCER AND KRAMER Effect of Certain Minerals on Ca Bioavailability... 

Polymers can be made by vibromilling of some monomers with steel balls. No initiators are needed. Kramer effect, that is, the action of the electron stream developed by mechanoemission during vibratory milling initiates the polymerization. On vibratory milling, acryl and methacrylamides give anion-radicals, which are key species in the reaction (Simonescn et al. 1983) ... 

Mechanical processing (e.g., abrasion) of metallic surfaces causes the emission of electrons this is known as the Kramer effect (Kramer 1950). The effect has been shown by the measurement of selfgenerated voltages between two metallic surfaces under boundary lubrication (Anderson et al. 1969, Adams and Foley 1975). The exoelectrons have a kinetic energy from 1 to 4 eV (Kobzev 1962) and they may initiate some chemical reactions. For instance, if the metal (whose surface has been worked) is placed in an aqueous solution of acrylonitrile, the latter forms an abundant amount of an insoluble... 

The following three examples illustrate the Kramer effect during friction between... 

Obviously, the lattice disorder and the Kramer effect remain to be analyzed. An X-ray study showed that the lattice disorder in aluminum increased slightly when milled and did not change with time. Consequently, lattice disorder is not the main cause of the mechanochemical activity. 

Fellner, V., F.D. Sauer, and J.K.G. Kramer. Effect ofNigericin, Monensin, andTetronasin on Biohydrogenation in Continuous Flow-Through Ruminal Fermenters, 0 921-928(1997). 

A. M. Donald and E. J. Kramer, Effect of Molecular Entanglements on Craze Microstructure in Glassy Polymers , J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 20, 899-909 (1982). 

B) THE MICROSCOPIC HYPERPOLARIZABILITY IN TERMS OF THE LINEAR POLARIZABILITY THE KRAMERS-HEISENBERG EQUATION AND PLACZEK LINEAR POLARIZABILITY THEORY OF THE RAMAN EFFECT... 

In the same section, we also see that the source of the appropriate analytic behavior of the wave function is outside its defining equation (the Schibdinger equation), and is in general the consequence of either some very basic consideration or of the way that experiments are conducted. The analytic behavior in question can be in the frequency or in the time domain and leads in either case to a Kramers-Kronig type of reciprocal relations. We propose that behind these relations there may be an equation of restriction, but while in the former case (where the variable is the frequency) the equation of resh iction expresses causality (no effect before cause), for the latter case (when the variable is the time), the restriction is in several instances the basic requirement of lower boundedness of energies in (no-relativistic) spectra [39,40]. In a previous work, it has been shown that analyticity plays further roles in these reciprocal relations, in that it ensures that time causality is not violated in the conjugate relations and that (ordinary) gauge invariance is observed [40]. 

Operating holdup contributes effectively to mass-transfer rate, since it provides residence time for phase contact and surface regeneration via agglomeration and dispersion. Static holdup is hmited in its contribution to mass-transfer rates, as indicated by Thoenes and Kramers [Chem. Eng. ScL, 8, 271 (1958)]. In laminar regions holdup in general has a negative effecl on the efficiency of separation. 

If all the PES coordinates are split off in this way, the original multidimensional problem reduces to that of one-dimensional tunneling in the effective barrier (1.10) of a particle which is coupled to the heat bath. This problem is known as the dissipative tunneling problem, which has been intensively studied for the past 15 years, primarily in connection with tunneling phenomena in solid state physics [Caldeira and Leggett 1983]. Interaction with the heat bath leads to the friction force that acts on the particle moving in the one-dimensional potential (1.10), and, as a consequence, a> is replaced by the Kramers frequency [Kramers 1940] defined by... 

Creton, C., Kramer, E.J., Hui, C.-Y. and Brown, H.R., Failure mechanisms of polymer interfaces reinforced with block copolymers. Macromolecules, 25, 3075-3088 (1992). Boucher et al., E., Effects of the formation of copolymer on the interfacial adhesion between semicrystalline polymers. Macromolecules, 29, 774-782 (1996). 

Benkoski, J.J., Fredrickson, G.H. and Kramer, E.J., The effect of composition drift on the effectiveness of random copolymer reinforcement at polymer-polymer interfaces. Macromolecules (2001, in press). 

Within some limited series of substituents it appears that Es is correlated with a, which is not unreasonable, because the electronic effect of a group is in part related to the size of the group. DeTar has discussed this matter. Kramer has demonstrated well-defined familial relationships between E s and a and concludes that Es possesses some polar character. 

Kramers et al. (K21) measured gas residence-time distribution in a mechanically agitated gas-liquid contactor of 0.6-m diameter for various gas velocities and agitator speeds. In the region where agitation has an effect on the gas-liquid interfacial area (cf. the study by Westerterp et al. (W5), Section V,D,1), the residence-time distribution was found to resemble closely that of a perfect mixer. 

Kramer-Hammerle S, Hahn A, Brack-Werner R, Werner T (2005a) Elucidating effects of longterm expression of HlV-1 Nef on astrocytes by microarray, promoter, and literature analyses. Gene 358 31-38... 

Kramer, J.C. Fischman, V.S. and Littlefield, D.C. Amphetamine abuse. Pattern and effects of high doses taken intravenously. JAMA 201 305-309, 1967. 

If the electric quadrupole splitting of the 7 = 3/2 nuclear state of Fe is larger than the magnetic perturbation, as shown in Fig. 4.13, the nij = l/2) and 3/2) states can be treated as independent doublets and their Zeeman splitting can be described independently by effective nuclear g factors and two effective spins 7 = 1/2, one for each doublet [67]. The approach corresponds exactly to the spin-Hamiltonian concept for electronic spins (see Sect. 4.7.1). The nuclear spin Hamiltonian for each of the two Kramers doublets of the Fe nucleus is ... 

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