Metalworking

The use of explosives in metalworking was initially employed in 1880 to make spittoons. Today, the missile and rocket industry use explosives to shape bulkheads, nosecones, and even large rocket sections. A small 50-g charge can do the work of a 1,000-t press shaping a thick metal plate 2-3 m in diameter. An example of a metal forming system is shown in Fig. 14.2. The dye is usually cheap material of concrete or plaster which can be evacuated. The sheet metal is held in place by a bed of water in which the explosive charge is detonated. The pressure and shock wave forces the metal into the evacuated mold in microseconds. 

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It is known that diagram " Stress - Deformation " ( SD) is more vividly specifying the current metalwork condition. However, such diagram can be obtained only by destructive testing. The suggested non-destructive magnetic method in the report for the evaluation of SD condition and for the prediction of residual resource of metalwork, where the measurement of coercive force (CF) is assumed as a basis. 

The suggested method is appropriately implemented at the practice. The cost and working hours of unit measurement of it is less than of any alternative method of destructive test and with respect to the authenticity inspection of Stress-Deformation the given method is inferior only to destructive testing. The method was successfully implemented while evaluation of service life of main pipe-lines sections and pressure vessels as well. Data of method and instrument are used as official data equally with ultrasonic, radiation, magnetic particles methods, adding them by the previously non available information about " fatigue " metalwork structure. 

Cracks detection in the compressor equipment and power facilities, assemblies, pipes, separators, metalworks, heating installations and refrigerating plants. 

Metalworking fluids Metal working industry Metamagnetism Metamitron [41394-05-2] Metam sodium Metamucil... 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

Acetylene is used primarily as a raw material for the synthesis of a variety of organic chemicals (see AcETYLENE-DERiVED CHEMICALS). In the United States, this accounts for about 80% of acetylene usage and most of the remainder is used for metal welding or cutting. The chemical markets for acetylene are shrinking as ways are found to substitute lower cost olefins and paraffins for the acetylene, with some products now completely derived from olefinic starting materials. Metalworking appHcations, however, have held up better than chemical uses. 

Organosulfur Compounds. These compounds, Hsted in Table 8, are used in a variety of appHcations, including cooling water, paint, and metalworking. Methylenebisthiocyanate hydroly2es rapidly at a pH above 8 to cyanate ion which complexes with ferric iron to poison the cytochrome systems (36). 

Rohm and Haas paint, metalworking, cooling water, cosmetics... 

Other Nitrogen Compounds. The basis of the sophisticated nitrogen compounds Hsted in Table 10 is the reaction of formaldehyde with amino compounds. A significant amount of Hterature details investigation of the mechanism of action, particularly whether or not the antimicrobial activity depends on decomposition to formaldehyde (40—42). These compounds tend to have substantial water solubiUty and are more effective against bacteria than fungi and yeasts. Key markets for these compounds are metalworking fluids, cosmetics, and in-can preservation of paints (see Alkanolamines Amines, fatty amines). 

Poly(alkylene glycol)s are also used as lubricity additives ia water-based synthetic cutting and grinding fluids (36), and ia aqueous metalworking fluids. Under the high frictional heating at the tool or die contact with the workpiece, the polyalkylene glycol comes out of solution ia fine droplets which coat the hot metal surfaces. 

Waste aqueous metalworking fluids may be successfully treated by conventional means for removal of tramp oil, surfactants, and other chemical agents to provide suitable effluent water quaUty (78). 

J. A. Schey, Tribology in Metalworking Friction, Eubrication and Wear, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983. 

Vibr toiy Consolidation. Powders are vibrated in a mold or other container in which they will be sintered, or in a metal container that will be used for extmsion or other metalworking process (31). Vibratory consoHdation produces packings of UO2 particles up to 95% of theoretical density. 

Metalworking, such as swaging, drawing, rolling, etc, may also be performed on slabs or ingots of other metals prepared by any of the consoHdation and sintering techniques described. 

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