Transition metals future research issues

The long-term stability of Pd-based electrocatalysts is one of the unavoidable issues for PEM fuel cell applications. Pd-Pt-based ORR catalysts are more stable than Pd-transition metal alloys under harsh fuel cell conditions, but may still not meet the long-term fuel cell operation requirement due to the Pd leaching out. Future research may focus on improving the durability of Pd-based catalysts by surface modification and composition optimization. Core-shell type of catalyst with Pd-based materials as the core and Pt as the shell may be one of the most promising candidates to be used in the automotive fuel cell due to its low Pt content and high activity and stability. 

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